THE WELLAND CANAL SECTION OF THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY he chain of lakes and rivers used by early To circumvent nature's wonder, a man-made North American explorers and Canadian wonder was required. The Welland Canal, with T fur traders has evolved into the unique and its eight large locks, was built to fulfil this need. efficient water transportation route, the St. Law- This canal system, the western section of the rence Seaway. Before the potential of these inland St. Lawrence Seaway, ranks as one of the out- waters could be fully realized, several turbulent standing engineering feats of the twentieth century. sections located at key points had to be The all-Canadian Welland Canal is the first overcome or by-passed. The falls and rapids of segment of the modern Seaway to have been the Niagara River presented the major obstacle built. It connects two of the Great Lakes to an uninterrupted waterway to the American (Ontario and Erie) and forms an integral part of heartland. Until 1829, the only route from Lake the deep waterway that allows large lakers and Ontario to Lake Erie included a lengthy portage ocean vessels to navigate to and from the heart of around Niagara Falls from Queenston to North America. Chippawa Creek. 1 HISTORY he present Welland Canal, the fourth to be construction of a canal was feasible, he founded constructed, reflects the evolution of the the Welland Canal Company which was financed T North American shipping trade during the by government and private sources. past 174 years. The first sod was turned on November 30, The First Welland Canal - 1829-1844 1824, at Allanburg. Today, a commemorative cairn located at the west end of Bridge No. 11 Much of the credit for building the first marks the location of that historical event. The canal goes to an enterprising businessman, Welland Canal Company pressed on with the William Hamilton Merritt, of the then Province gigantic tasks of earth excavation and marine of Upper Canada. It was the need for a regular construction, made so much more arduous by the flow of water to his mills, coupled with the limited tools available at that time. Five years proximity of the Erie Canal, in the United States, later, the schooner "Ann and Jane" completed the that prompted Merritt to undertake initial first upbound transit, a two-day voyage. engineering studies. In 1824, convinced that the 2 Wherever possible, natural waterways Colborne, was made the southern terminus of the became part of the canal. From Port Dalhousie, new 18 km (11-mile) cut. Completed in 1833, the on Lake Ontario, the canal followed the route of first Welland Canal was 44 km (27 miles) long. Twelve Mile Creek through St. Catharines to There were 40 wooden locks with a minimum size Merritton, and up the escarpment to Thorold. In of 33.5 m by 6.7 m (110 x 22 feet) and a depth of those early years of operation, the canal 2.4 m (8 feet). terminated 8 km (5 miles) south of Thorold, at Port Robinson on the Welland River. Ships then The maintenance of hastily constructed proceeded east on the Welland River to wooden locks proved expensive for the Welland This painting by J.D. Kelly was commissioned by Confederation Life Association. The schooner "Ann and Jane" is shown entering Lock One, at Port Dalhousie when the Welland Canal opened on November 30, 1829. Chippawa, and continued up the Niagara River to Canal Company and toll revenues were not Lake Erie. sufficient. Appeals were made for additional government assistance and, in 1839, the As traffic increased, the canal was Government of Upper Canada voted to purchase extended directly to Lake Erie from Port the privately held company stock. Robinson in order to avoid the strong currents of the Niagara River. Gravelly Bay, now Port 3 The Second Welland Canal - 1845-1886 The purchase of the Welland Canal and, by 1848, navigation with a draft of 2.7m Company was completed shortly after the Union (9 feet), was possible from Lake Erie to the lower of the Provinces in 1841, and soon thereafter St. Lawrence River. By that time, steamers had plans were drawn for an improved Welland begun to replace sailing vessels; they were larger Canal. Plans were also made for canals and locks ships and their number was increasing rapidly. In of similar dimensions in the St. Lawrence River to 1870, a Government-appointed Commission provide a direct water route from Montreal to the recommended canal improvements. Its report interior and thus join Quebec and Ontario. stated that "wheat, lumber, copper and iron from the Upper Lakes would pass though the Welland Work began to increase the canal depth to Canal in increasing amount were it not for the fact 2.7 m (9 feet) and to reduce the number of locks to that the larger boats cannot go through". The 27. The new locks were masonry structures 45.7 m report further pointed out that the existing locks (150 feet) long and 8.1 m (26.5 feet) wide. The could not handle three quarters of the tonnage route of the new canal was much the same as that that could come from the Great Lakes hinterland. of the first since the channels and locks of the origi- nal canal became the control weirs of the new works. The Commission's recommendations gave rise to the construction of the third Welland Canal Concurrently, a canal of similar depth was and related improvements on the St. Lawrence completed between Montreal and Lake Ontario River. 4 The Third Welland Canal - 1887-1931 The third Welland Canal played an im- A distinctive type of vessel was developed portant role in the development of Canada's grain for use in the inland canal system. The Great export trade and its steel industry. Following the Lakes "canaler", a bulk carrier that is literally a same route as the second canal from Lake Erie to self-propelling barge, with machinery at the stern a point 5 km (3 miles) above the escarpment, it and navigating bridge up forward, had a long, then left Twelve Mile Creek and followed a more almost box-shaped cargo hold between. The direct line to Port Dalhousie. "canalers" using the third canal had a maximum length of 79.9 m (262 feet) and could carry as There were now 26 cut stone locks, each much as 2 700 tonnes (3,000 tons). 82.3 m (270 feet) long and 13.7 m (45 feet) wide. Originally, the limiting depth was to have been Larger ships were also built to sail from 3.7 m (12 feet) but it was increased to 4.3 m (14 feet) the Lakehead (Lake Superior) to Port Colborne during construction. These new works were where their 13 500 tonnes (15,000 tons) of cargo partially opened in 1881 but it was not until 1887 were transferred to several small "canalers". that the 4.3 m depth was available throughout. In However, it soon became evident that these larger 1889, nearly 2,000 vessel transits were recorded, vessels should be able to move into the lower lakes 820 by steamships and 1,141 by sailing vessels. and, between 1907 and 1912, plans were made for enlarging the canal once more. (Maps on pages 2, 4 and 5 - Copyright 1970 by Jean and Allan Pritchard - Reproduced by special permission) 5 The Fourth Welland Canal Studies led to the decision to build locks of "It is a privilege to dedicate this canal to the greater size and to reduce their number as much trade of the world. I hereby declare the Welland as possible. An almost direct north-south route Canal open to the commerce of the world." was selected and the Lake Ontario connection was Those were the words of the Governor General of moved to Port Weller, 5 km (3 miles) east of Port Canada, the Rt. Hon. Earl of Bessborough, as he Dalhousie. Since no natural harbour existed at officially opened the canal, on August 6, 1932. Port Weller, an artificial one was created with embankments extending 2.4 km (1.5 miles) into Into the lock chamber eased the Lake Ontario. S.S."LEMOYNE", then the largest freighter on the Great Lakes. Her holds were filled with Construction of the canal started in 1913, some 19 000 m3 (530,000 bushels) of wheat. The was interrupted by World War I, resumed in S.S. "LEMOYNE" was 192.9 m (633 feet) long, 1919 and continued until 1932. had a beam of 21.3 m (70 feet) and was sailing that day on a draught of 5.9 m (19.5 feet). 6 THE PRESENT WELLAND LOCKS he difference of 99.5 m (326.5 feet) between the levels of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie is now overcome with eight locks and 43.4 km (27 miles) of canal. Each of seven lift locks has an T average lift of 14.2 m (46.5 feet) while Lock 8 at Lake Erie is a control lock with a shallow lift varying from 0.3 to 1.2 m (1 to 4 feet) to make the final adjustment to the lake level. Overall length of canal ......................................... 43.4 km (27 miles) Total lift ................................................................ 99.5 m (326.5 feet) Average lift of locks .............................................. 14.2 m (46.5 feet) Size of locks (breast wall to gate fender) ............. 233.5 m (766 feet) long 24.4 m (80 feet) wide Depth of water (over the sill) ............................... 9.1 m (30 feet) (in channels) .................................