ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 4 Before Genghis Khan died in 1227, he divided his huge area of conquest among his sons and grandsons. Over the next 60 years, Genghis's ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 1 heirs enlarged some of the territory through conquest, and the largest contiguous empire in human history was the result. Four separate Khanates (Kingdoms) had emerged before 1290: The Empire of Kublai Khan included the Mongolian homeland and, eventually, most of China. Genghis Khan's grandson conquered the Southern Sung region in 1279. The Djagatai Empire, a smaller area in Central Asia, was home to Turkish nomads and the Islamic centers of Bukhara and Samarkand. roduct Code: ZP249 The Ilkhan Empire contained the riches of medieval Persia and comprised most of modern Iran and Iraq. The Mongol conquerors of this region destroyed the Islamic empires that had prevailed in this region, culminating in the destruction of Baghdad in 1258. The Empire of the Golden Horde, in southern Russia, was the most powerful khanate. Between 1236 and 1241, Genghis Khan's grand- son Batu led Mongol attacks on several Russian cities in this region, seizing control of all of Russia focused around Kiev. For all of their power, the Khanates were short- lived as political entities. All fell before the armies of Tamerlane (Timur) during the 1300s. Marco Polo (1254-1324), a trader from the Italian city of Venice, became an advisor and friend to Kublai Khan when the Italian was still in his 20s. He traveled throughout much of the Mongol Khanates, and his writings became Europe's main source of information about Asia. Critical-Thinking Question: Critical-Thinking Question: Which Mongol Khanate do you think was the least Sultanate to maintain control of India's south? powerful and expansionist? Why? © 2005 Social Studies School Service • 10200 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90232 • (800) 421-4246 • www.socialstudies.com • Product Code: ZP249 What geographic factor may have contributed to the inability of ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 5 © 2005 Social Studies School Service • 10200 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA Blvd., Culver City, School Service • 10200 Jefferson © 2005 Social Studies • P 90232 • (800) 421-4246 www.socialstudies.com Today we think of India as a Hindu nation, but for hundreds years it was dominated by Muslim dynasty, the succes- sion of rulers known as the Delhi Sultanate. The Sultanate era began in 1192, when Muhammad Ghor seized control Delhi from Hindu forces. Muhammad's successors made their "Slave dynasty" a continuing power, with as its per- manent capital. Sultans that followed extended the dynasty. Among most powerful was Iltutmish (ruled 1210-1236), who conquered the Sind region. In 1290, the Slave dynasty was supplanted by a new established Aladdin Khalji (1296-1316), who defeated Mongols and put the Deccan Plateau under Muslim control. By 1335, Delhi controlled almost all Indian subcontinent. They ruled according to the laws of Quran, and demanded taxes from non-Muslims under their control. During the latter half of 1300s, Sultanate lost control Hindu south. Then, in 1398, armies Mongol conqueror Tamerlane occupied Delhi and seized control of much the empire. For more than a century, local remnants of the Delhi Sultanate continued to control area around Delhi-the Sayyid dynasty and the Afghan Lodi dynasty. The latter was even able to extend territory east toward Bihar south into the Ganges River valley. In 1526, however, Mughal adventurer Babar attacked India from Kabul, and won a decisive battle at Panipat, north of Delhi. The Mogul Empire supplanted the remnants Delhi Sultanate, thought Sultans were to rule again briefly, from 1540 1556. One lasted for a mere 15 years, the other for more than 400-but both the Qin and Han dynasties played significant roles in the devel- opment of China's political and social culture. The Qin dynasty, founded by Qin Shi Huangdi, lasted from 221 to 206 BCE. He cre- ated a centralized government for China, dividing the country into provinces ruled by appointed governors. The Qin leaders tried to create a unified nation, with a single currency, language, and legal system-the first such attempt in Chinese history. The Qin dynasty also consolidated of the Great Wall of China, as sections built by the Chinese warring states long before were joined in 214 BCE. The centralization advocated by the Qin lead- ers led to a revolt in 206 BCE, followed by a chaotic four years. In 202 BCE, the peasant Liu Pang prevailed in a bitter civil war and founded the Han Dynasty, which was to endure until 220 CE. Liu restored China's feu- dal culture, but during much of the Han era, China enjoyed great wealth, power, cultural ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 2 triumphs, and technological advances. The emperor Han Wu Ti, who ruled in the 100s BCE, was particularly successful, greatly enlarging the Han territory. During the Han period, trade with central Asia was conducted along the Silk Roads, and agriculture and edu- cation flourished. China also embraced Confucianism as a model for governing, and The future Genghis Khan was born in 1162 CE Buddhism was imported from India. in present-day Mongolia. Named Temujin, he In its latter years, peasant revolts weakened was son of a tribal chieftain who was murdered the Han Dynasty. Internal and external stress- by rivals in 1175. From his teenage years, Temujin harbored military ambitions. es gradually caused the empire to dissolve. In his early 20s, Temujin joined a Mongol mili- tia and rose through its ranks. By 1202, he was leading campaigns against Tartar forces, second Critical-Thinking Question: in the militia's command. A rival sought to block Temujin's rise to power, and civil war Judging from its location, from which broke out among the Mongols. Temujin's armies direction(s) was The Great Wall prevailed and proceeded to dominate other designed to repel would-be invaders? Mongol tribes. By 1206, through both diplomacy and warfare, Temujin had united these tribes into a single nation. © 2005 Social Studies School Service • 10200 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90232 • (800) 421-4246 • www.socialstudies.com • Product Code: ZP249 Newly anointed Genghis Khan ("Universal Ruler"), he then began a 20-year career of con- quest in China, Central Asia, and points west. By 1209, the Mongols controlled the Xi Xia region of China. By 1215, Genghis had taken the Jin capital, Beijing. Meanwhile, his armies were also moving west, reaching Lake Balkhash by 1218. ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 6 By 1220, Mongol rule had extended into Muslim territory, including the Khwarezm Empire. Then Genghis divided his army: One division went southwest into Afghanistan and Iran; the other northwest into Russia. Their victory over the forces of Kiev's Prince Mstitslav at Kalka River in 1223 helped establish the Mongols' rep- utation for brutality toward defeated enemies. In the two years before he died in 1227, Genghis returned his attention to unconquered parts of China. On his deathbed, he divided his empire among his sons-who would expand it roduct Code: ZP249 even further. Critical-Thinking Question: How does the map indicate that Genghis's empire expanded greatly between the years of 1206 and 1227? How does it show that it expanded in all directions? © 2005 Social Studies School Service • 10200 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90232 • (800) 421-4246 • www.socialstudies.com • Product Code: ZP249 Critical-Thinking Question: What cities shown were parts of inland China? What cities shown on the map were coastal ports? © 2005 Social Studies School Service • 10200 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA Blvd., Culver City, School Service • 10200 Jefferson © 2005 Social Studies • P 90232 • (800) 421-4246 www.socialstudies.com In 960, after several decades of struggle for control China that followed the end Tang Dynasty, Song family took power in China. For more than 150 years, the Song ruled China from its capital Kaifeng. During this time, China saw significant social development, as the character of its big cities changed: they ceased to be mere centers of government and became trade social life as well. Feudal warlords gave way to more enlightened leaders called "scholar officials," and a lively merchant class emerged prospered. So did the arts, including Chinese landscape painting. The period from 960 to 1126 is called the Northern Song Dynasty, because in semi-nomadic Juchen people, who had established the Jin Dynasty to north a decade before, invaded China and captured Kaifeng. The remain- ing Song leadership retreated to what had been the southern sector. The capital was relocated Hangzhou. The Jin dynasty made further advances in government, commerce, agriculture, and art. During the 1200s, however, Mongol invaders from the northwest threatened both Song and Jin dynasties. The lost control of northern China in 1234, and for about 40 years the Mongol Song governments were tense neighbors. When open hos- tilities broke out, the Southern Song court fled to Guangdong region on South China Sea. In 1279, China's army was routed at the Battle of Yamen in Xi Jiang delta, and Mongol control China complete. ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 3 ZP249Posters.qxd 10/14/2005 11:06 AM Page 7 roduct Code: ZP249 The Tang (tahng) Dynasty was founded by Li Yuan in 618 CE, after the fall of the Shiu Dynasty (590-618). Li made use of systems of administration, communication, and transporta- tion (especially canals) that had been estab- lished by the Shiu. The Tang leaders subdued neighboring peoples effectively and implement- ed a successful land distribution program.