Manifestations of the Dead in Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Anne Maria Landborg February 2014 For Tobias i Table of Contents Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. x Abreviations ........................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter I Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1 I 1 Identity ......................................................................................................................... 1 I 2 Coffin Texts .................................................................................................................. 4 I 3 A critical appraisal ......................................................................................................... 5 I 4 Concepts relating to the identity of a dead person ............................................................ 7 I 5 Method ......................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter II Listing ................................................................................................................................... 11 II 1 Listing parts of a person’s identity ................................................................................11 II 1.1 The whole expressed by listing some parts ......................................................................... 14 II 1.2 Body parts ............................................................................................................................ 15 II 1.3 Body parts and other aspects of a person’s identity ........................................................... 17 II 1.3.1 Being intact ................................................................................................................... 18 II 1.4 Including ‘powers’ ................................................................................................................ 20 II 1.5 Including ‘powers’, feelings and other ................................................................................. 22 II 1.6 Negative counterparts ......................................................................................................... 23 II 2 Listing of Outcomes ....................................................................................................25 II 2.1 Rubrics and knowledge ........................................................................................................ 25 II 2.1.1 Spells with the ‘knowledge-formula’ ............................................................................ 25 II 2.1.2 ‘Knowing the bA’-spells .................................................................................................. 31 II 2.1.3 Knowledge ..................................................................................................................... 32 II 2.2 Listing of outcomes in spells ................................................................................................ 33 II 2.3 Themes ................................................................................................................................. 34 i II 2.3.1 The ‘knowledge formula’-spells .................................................................................... 34 II 2.3.2 The ‘knowing the bA’ spells ........................................................................................... 35 II 3 Listing parts and outcomes ..........................................................................................35 II 3.1 Parts and outcome specifically connected........................................................................... 37 II 3.2 Outcomes and parts being in their places ........................................................................... 38 II 3.3 Words of Horus .................................................................................................................... 39 II 3.4 Other sources ....................................................................................................................... 40 II 4 Outcomes and parts connected .....................................................................................41 II 4.1 The xprw ............................................................................................................................... 41 II 4.1.1 Any form ........................................................................................................................ 42 II 4.1.2 Specific form ................................................................................................................. 43 II 4.2 The bA ................................................................................................................................... 44 II 4.3 Other forms of the dead ...................................................................................................... 45 II 5 Summary ....................................................................................................................46 Chapter III xprw-spells .......................................................................................................................... 47 III 1 Transformation spells .................................................................................................47 III 2 Problems of translation and categorisation ..................................................................49 III 2.1 Identity ............................................................................................................................... 49 III 2.2 Purpose and outcome ......................................................................................................... 51 III 2.3 Process ................................................................................................................................ 53 III 2.4 Usage ................................................................................................................................... 55 III 3 Different uses and translations of xpr and xprw ............................................................57 III 3.4 Usage ................................................................................................................................... 57 III 3.5 Translation of the rubrics .................................................................................................... 60 III 3.6 Objects of transformation ................................................................................................... 61 III 4 Meaning and function ................................................................................................62 III 4.1 Syncretism and personification ........................................................................................... 64 III 4.2 xprw as the human being in non-this-world contexts ........................................................ 67 ii III 5 Passage ......................................................................................................................69 III 5.1 Passage to the Afterlife ....................................................................................................... 70 III 6 Integration .................................................................................................................73 III 7 Relationships between xprw rubrics and the content of the spell ....................................74 III 7.1 Nominal sentences agreeing with the rubric ...................................................................... 75 III 7.1.1 n-ntt +nominal sentence .............................................................................................. 76 III 7.1.2 Nominal sentence with synonym for the object of the rubric ..................................... 76 III 7.2 Identification without nominal sentence ............................................................................ 77 III 7.2.1 The identity is not repeated ......................................................................................... 78 III 7.3 More than one identity ....................................................................................................... 78 III 7.3.1 Other identity ............................................................................................................... 80 III 7.4 No functional identification ................................................................................................ 81 III 7.5 xprw as an unspecified manifestation ................................................................................ 81 III 7.5.1 Making powerful manifestations ................................................................................. 82 III 7.6 Rubrics and content ............................................................................................................ 83 III