Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 i Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition Committee on Animal Nutrition Board on Agriculture National Research Council NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1995 Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 ii NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under cooperative agreement No. 5 R01 RR06161-03. Additional support was provided by Ziegler Brothers, Inc., and Harlan Sprague-Dawley Co. The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. 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White are chairman and vice-chairman, respec- tively, of the National Research Council. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals / Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council. — 4th rev. ed. p. cm. — (Nutrient requirements of domestic animals) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-309-05126-6 1. Laboratory animals—Feeding and feeds. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition. II. Series. SF95.N32 [SF406.2] 636.08'542 s—dc20 [636'.93233] 94-43585 CIP © 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Printed in the United States of America Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 iii SUBCOMMITTEE ON LABORATORY ANIMAL NUTRITION NORLIN J. BENEVENGA, Chair, University of Wisconsin, Madison CHRISTOPHER CALVERT, University of California, Davis CURTIS D. ECKHERT, University of California, Los Angeles GEORGE C. FAHEY, University of Illinois JANET L. GREGER, University of Wisconsin, Madison CARL L. KEEN, University of California, Davis JOSEPH J. KNAPKA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland HULDA MAGALHAES, Bucknell University OLAV T. OFTEDAL, National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C. PHILIP G. REEVES, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, North Dakota HELEN ANDERSON SHAW, University of North Carolina, Greensboro JOHN EDGAR SMITH, Pennsylvania State University, University Park ROBERT D. STEELE, University of Wisconsin, Madison COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION HAROLD F. HINTZ, Chair, Cornell University GARY L. CROMWELL, University of Kentucky GEORGE C. FAHEY, University of Illinois RONALD L. HORST, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa TERRY J. KLOPFENSTEIN, University of Nebraska LAURIE M. LAWRENCE, University of Kentucky LARRY M. MILLIGAN, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada ALICE N. PELL, Cornell University JERRY L. SELL, Iowa State University ROBERT P. WILSON, Mississippi State University Staff MARY I. POOS, Project Director JANET OVERTON, Editor DENNIS BLACKWELL, Senior Project Assistant Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 iv Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 v BOARD ON AGRICULTURE DALE E. BAUMAN, Chair, Cornell University PHILIP H. ABELSON, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C. JOHN M. ANTLE, Montana State University WILLIAM B. DELAUDER, Delaware State University SUSAN K. HARLANDER, Land O'Lakes, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota RICHARD R. HARWOOD, Michigan State University T. KENT KIRK, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin JAMES R. MOSELEY, Jim Moseley Farms, Inc., Clarks Hill, Indiana, and Purdue University NORMAN R. SCOTT, Cornell University GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR., Colorado State University CHRISTOPHER R. SOMERVILLE, Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, California PATRICIA B. SWAN, Iowa State University JOHN R. WELSER, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan Staff SUSAN E. OFFUTT, Executive Director CARLA CARLSON, Director of Communications JANET OVERTON, Editor Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals,: Fourth Revised Edition, 1995 PREFACE vii Preface The first edition of Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals was published in 1962. It summarized the nutrient requirements of the rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, monkey, and cat based on an evaluation of the literature. The second revised edition was published in 1972 and updated the information presented in the first edition. The third revised edition was published in 1978 and was expanded to include a chapter on general aspects of nutrition, and the species chapters incorporated information on expected growth and reproductive performance in addition to the nutrient requirements of the laboratory rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, vole, and the nutrient requirements of fishes. In this, the fourth revised edition, the subcommittee reviewed the literature and summarized the nutrient requirements of the rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, and vole. The subcommittee structure was altered for this publication as members were assigned by nutrient across species rather than by nutrient within a species. This structure provided the subcommittee with nutrient expertise that could be applied to more than one species. To maintain a species expertise, one member of the subcommittee was designated as the species chair and integrated the information into the chapter. The species chair also developed a section on expected growth and reproduction of the various breeds within a species and reviewed the literature to assemble natural-ingredient and purified diets that should meet the needs of animals of the species used in long-term studies. After its review of the literature, the subcommittee emphasized the need for experiments designed to determine nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. Work of that nature is of considerable value in compiling the information contained in a publication such as this.