Unix and the Mac OS X Terminal An Introduction J. F.Weiher 2004 1 2 Basic Concepts GUI vs. Unix Command Line Directories Paths Input/Output 3 Basic Concepts GUI vs. Unix Recognition — Recall Order from Menu — Cook yourself Limited — Need to Learn Learning curve Shell 4 User Friendly? 5 Learning Curves Difficulty Time Time Time GUI Aqua CLI 6 Basic Concepts Command Line Syntax Critical Case Sensitive Command Name Options = Switches or Flags Arguments = Objects of Command Example ls -al ~/Documents 7 Basic Concepts Directories Root Subdirectories Users and Home 8 Basic Concepts Paths Full file designation = <path>/<filename> Paths - Absolute /Users/you/Documents - Relative Documents Mac OS X Typing Aids -drag file to terminal - tab completion 9 Basic Concepts Input/Output stdin and stdout Specification in command line overrides default Redirection > {file} >> {file} < {file} Pipes <cmd> | <cmd> 10 Getting Help man <command> -[hk] whatis <command> apropos <word> <prog> --help <prog> - h Experiment Research the item 11 Some Commands pwd cd <dir> 0-1 ls <dir> -[alFtrRd] 0-n file <file> 1-n touch <file> 1-n rm <file> -[i rR] 1-n mkdir <dir> 1-n rmdir <dir> 1-n 12 Example 1 Welcome to Darwin! • [localhost:~] weiher% who am I weiher ttyp3 Oct 11 07:03 [localhost:~] weiher% whoami weiher [localhost:~] weiher% pwd /Users/weiher [localhost:~] weiher% ls -al /Users drwxr-xr-t 5 root wheel 126 Apr 27 2002 . drwxrwxr-t 65 root admin 2166 Oct 5 20:58 .. drwxrwxrwt 6 root wheel 264 Sep 28 16:43 Shared drwxr-xr-x 16 km staff 500 Aug 22 2002 km drwxr-xr-x 28 weiher staff 908 Oct 11 04:01 weiher 13 Some Path Shortcuts Drag Path from GUI Tab completion Cut and paste within Terminal Window ~ = home directory . = current directory location .. = parent directory / = root directory 14 Example 2 [localhost:~] weiher% pwd /Users/weiher [localhost:~] weiher% cd .. [localhost:/Users] weiher% pwd /Users [localhost:/Users] weiher% cd .. [localhost:/] weiher% pwd / [localhost:/] weiher% cd ~ [localhost:~] weiher% pwd /Users/weiher [localhost:~] weiher% 15 More Commands man <command> mv <file…> <to> -[i f] 1-n, 1 cp <file…> <to> -[i] 1-n, 1 more <file> sp, b, q, ? 1 less <file> b f h /<text> 1 in search mode n = next; N = previous head <file> -[1 2 3…] 1 tail <file> -[1 2 3…] 1 wc < file> -l -w -c 1-n 16 Some Terminal Tricks <cmd>| pbcopy = output to clipboard pbpaste | <cmd> = input from clipboard ^<str1>^<str2>^ = substitute str2 for str1 Arrow keys for navigation history [m] !n !<chrs>:p set history = <n> echo $history open <dir> = orders Finder to open <dir> open -a <application> = launch it open -e <file> = edit <file> with TextEdit 17 Concatenate cat {file} list file to default output cat default input and output cat > {file} default input to file to ^D cat >>{file} same but append to file cat {file} | pbcopy copy file to clipboard pbpaste |cat display clipboard cat {file1} {file2}… > {output file} 18 More Terminal Tricks locate <path/file> or “*<str>” find <st-dir> [criteria] powerful but complex ‘<string>’ or “<string>” \ = quote next character backtick quotes `<expression>` ps -ax | grep <application> = returns PID kill - STOP <PID> kill -CONT <PID> kill <PID> sudo <cmd> 19 Special Characters * ? [ ] { } filename matching & expansion $ denotes variables ! ^ history reference & substitution & sends command to background | pipe > < I/O redirection 20 Special Characters (cont) ; command separator (and) && command separator (if) || command separator (or) Space argument separator Tab file completion in tcsh ( ) subshell execution ` quote for command substitution \ ‘ “ quote characters 21 Terminal a Rich Resource The directory /usr/share/misc […:/usr/share/misc] weiher% grep AGC Airport AGC:Pittsburgh/Allegheny County [localhost:/usr/share/misc] weiher% [:/usr/share/misc] weiher% grep 19810 zipcodes 19810:Wilmington, DE [localhost:/usr/share/misc] weiher% [:/usr/share/misc] weiher% grep Bremen inter.phone 49:421:Bremen:Germany, Fed. Rep. Of [localhost:/usr/share/misc] weiher% 22 Wildcards * in command line ? in command line [abc] in expressions or CL [^abc] in expressions or CL [a-dA-D] in expressions pr CL {chrs, chrs,chrs}in command line . in command line .. in command line 23 GREP Searches in 1-n files for a string grep [opts] <pattern> <file…> Options: -iclIrw More available but start simple grep -ic jim * grep -rl “Kontextkontrolle” /* grep -i "[tb]o[mb]" grepfile1 grep -i "[tb]o[mb]" grepfile? 24 Some More Utilities ftp <remote cpu> telnet <remote cpu> finger <user@remote cpu> uptime cal bc 25 ftp Example [localhost:~] weiher ftp udel.edu 220% copland.udel.edu FTP server (Version wu-2.6.2(1) Mon Aug 11 12:44:29 EDT 2003) ready. Name (udel.edu:weiher): weiher 331 Password required for weiher. Password: ****** 26 ftp Example pt 2 230 User weiher logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> cd public_html 250 CWD command successful 27 ftp Example pt 3 ftp> ls Bodmer* 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. -rw-r--r-- 1 weiher 0966 250927 Aug 30 17:09 BodmerWortschatzAlpha.pdf 226 Transfer complete. 28 ftp Example pt 4 ftp> put (local-file) /Users/weiher/grepfile1 (remote-file) grepfile1 local: /Users/weiher/grepfile1 remote: grepfile1 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for grepfile1. 226 Transfer complete. 59 bytes sent in 0.261 seconds (226 bytes/s) 29 ftp Example pt 5 ftp> ls grep* 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. -rw-r--r-- 1 weiher 0966 59 Nov 2 18:30 grepfile1 226 Transfer complete. 30 ftp Example pt 6 ftp> quit 221-You have transferred 59 bytes in 1 files. 221-Total traffic for this session was 2357 bytes in 4 transfers. 221-Thank you for using the FTP service on copland.udel.edu. 221 Goodbye. [localhost:~] weiher% 31 Some Hints Remember spaces count! Copy terminal output and paste in text document for printing/saving/study Practice in a special account Backup regularly--just in case Remember touch and cat to quickly create files for practice Be nice; logout of terminal session ^H = backspace; ^D = end of file 32 Regular Expressions . matches any single character [xyz] any one character of x,y,z [^xyz] that is not x, y, or z [x-z] in the range x to z * preceding pattern 0 or more times ? preceding pattern 0 or 1 times + preceding pattern 1 or more times ^ the start of a line $ the end of a line \x or [x] removes any special meaning of x 33 finger Example […:~] weiher% finger [email protected] [udel.edu] X.500 Finger Service... 3 exact matches for "flexman": Edmund.A..Flexman Edmund.Arthur.Flexman Student, Division of Continuing Education, Ruth.M.Flexman Student, Division of Continuing Education, NRQ, Undergraduate, non-degree Coordinator, CE-Prof & Noncredit Programs 34 finger Example pt 2 […] weiher% finger [email protected] [udel.edu] X.500 Finger Service... 1 exact match found for "Ruth.M.Flexman": "Ruth M Flexman, CE-Prof and Noncredit Programs" Also Known As: Ruth M Flexman E-Mail Address: [email protected] Work Phone: +1 302-573-4416 Title: Coordinator, CE-Prof & Noncredit Programs … Uniqname: flexman 35 telnet Example [~] weiher% telnet udel.edu Trying 128.175.13.92... Connected to udel.edu. Escape character is '^]'. SunOS 5.9 login: weiher Password:****** Using project 0966, ALL-EMAIL You have $483.97 remaining in this account. 36 telnet Example pt 2 Last login: Sun Nov 2 21:08:32 from ppp-as37-25.nss Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.9 copland.udel.edu% quota -v Disk quotas for weiher (uid 14158): Filesystem usage quota limit timeleft /home/usra 17292 24576 24576 copland.udel.edu% logout Connection closed by foreign host. 37 Last Words Version Changes: Apple giveth & taketh away [localhost:~] weiher% Bill Gates OK? kill Gates? /Library/Documentation/Commands /grep/grep_toc.html Also for diffutils, dc, gzip 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56.