Education for a Digital World ADVICE, GUIDELINES, AND EFFECTIVE PRACTICE FROM AROUND THE GLOBE Education for a Digital World: Advice, Guidelines, and Effective Practice from Around the Globe Project Leader Sandy Hirtz Senior Editor Sandy Hirtz Editor Dr. David G. Harper Copy Editor Sandra Mackenzie Contributing Editors Paul Beaufait, Richard S. Lavin, Joseph Tomei, Kevin Kelly, Sylvia Currie, David Kaufman, Alice Ireland, Randy Labonte, Patricia Delich, Don McIntosh, June Kaminski, Madhumita Bhattacharya, Natasha Boskic, Nathan Hapke, Kirsten Bole, Dan O’Reilly, Niki Lambropoulos, Julia Hengstler, Elizabeth Childs, Susan Crichton and Ruth Cox Experts Dan McGuire—Copyright Sandra Mackenzie—Style Guide and Chapter Template Kevin Kelly—Chapter Maps In appreciation to … • Learning & Instructional Development Centre, Simon Fraser University • BCcampus • Commonwealth of Learning ____________________ BCcampus and Commonwealth of Learning, 2008 Any part of this document may be reproduced without permission but with attribution to BCcampus and the Commonwealth of Learning. CC-BY-SA (share alike with attribution) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Chapter 16 cannot be reused commercially and cannot be altered, transformed or built upon. ____________________ ISBN: 978-1-894975-29-2 BCcampus Commonwealth of Learning 2nd Floor, 555 Seymour Street 1055 West Hastings Street, Suite 1200 Vancouver, British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia Canada V6B 3H6 Canada V6E 2E9 www.bccampus.ca Telephone: +1 604 775 8200 Fax: +1 604 775 8210 Web: www.col.org E-mail: [email protected] Contents Chapter Abstracts / v Introduction / 1 Part 1: The Impact of Instructional Technologies / 3 1 Emerging Technologies in E-learning / 5 Patricia Delich, Kevin Kelly, and Don McIntosh 2 Virtual Design Studios: Solving Learning Problems in Developing Countries / 23 Kris Kumar 3 Challenges Confronted and Lessons (Un)Learned: Linking Students from the University of Ghana and Kwantlen University College / 31 Charles Quist-Adade 4 Addressing Diversity in Design of Online Courses / 41 Madhumita Bhattacharya and Maggie Hartnett 5 Mobile Learning in Developing Countries: Present Realities and Future Possibilities / 51 Ken Banks 6 The Impact of Technology on Education / 57 Mohamed Ally Part 2: Preparing Online Courses / 67 7 Learning Management Systems / 69 Don McIntosh 8 Exploring Open Source for Educators: We’re Not in Kansas Anymore – Entering OS / 95 Julia Hengstler 9 Quality Assurance by Design / 111 Niki Lambropoulos 10 General Principles of Instructional Design / 131 Peter Fenrich 11 Accessibility and Universal Design / 143 Natasha Boskic, Kirsten Starcher, Kevin Kelly, and Nathan Hapke 12 Articulation and Transfer of Online Courses / 181 Finola Finlay 13 Planning Your Online Course / 191 June Kaminski and Sylvia Currie 14 Assessment and Evaluation / 213 Dan O’Reilly and Kevin Kelly Education for a Digital World iii Contents Part 3: Implementing Technology / 245 15 Understanding Copyright: Knowing Your Rights and Knowing When You’re Right / 247 Dan McGuire 16 ‘Open Licences’ of Copyright for Authors, Educators, and Librarians / 255 Julien Hofman and Paul West 17 E-learning Standards / 267 Randy LaBonte 18 Leadership and E-learning: Change Processes for Implementing Educational Technologies / 277 Randy LaBonte 19 Building Communities of Practice / 287 Shawn Berney Part 4: E-learning in Action / 307 20 Instructional Strategies / 309 Peter Fenrich 21 Media Selection / 321 Peter Fenrich 22 Computer-Based Resources for Learning / 341 Peter Fenrich 23 Computer-Based Games for Learning / 353 Alice Ireland and David Kaufman 24 Evaluating and Improving Your Online Teaching Effectiveness / 365 Kevin Kelly Part 5: Engagement and Communication / 379 25 Tools for Online Engagement and Communication / 381 Richard S. Lavin, Paul A. Beaufait, and Joseph Tomei 26 Techno Expression / 413 Kevin Kelly and Ruth Cox 27 Social Media for Adult Online Learners and Educators / 429 Moira Hunter 28 Online Collaboration: An Overview / 441 Paul A. Beaufait, Richard S. Lavin, and Joseph Tomei 29 Identity in Online Education / 461 Joseph Tomei, Paul A. Beaufait, and Richard S. Lavin 30 Supporting E-learning through Communities of Practice / 475 David Kaufman, Kevin Kelly, and Alice Ireland 31 Looking Forward: Stories of Practice / 489 Susan Crichton and Elizabeth Childs Contributors / 503 iv Education for a Digital World Chapter Abstracts CHALLENGES CONFRONTED AND LESSONS Part 1: The Impact of (UN)LEARNED: LINKING STUDENTS FROM THE Instructional Technologies UNIVERSITY OF GHANA AND KWANTLEN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN E-LEARNING Dr. Charles Quist-Adade Dr. Patricia Delich, Kevin Kelly, and Dr. Don McIntosh While Canadian communications scholar Marshall Emerging technologies can have a far-reaching effect on McLuhan put us all in a “global village,” the benefits of how teachers teach and learners learn. The ability to the village appear to elude a sizeable number of the vil- harness these technologies in the design of online class- lagers as the digital divide between the technology-haves rooms can impact the engagement of teaching and and technology-have-nots grows ever wider and wider. learning by creating more options for learners to con- Knowledge and ideas flow in a uni-directional, North- nect with course content as well as to other learners. to-South (from the Global North to the Global South) This chapter identifies several emerging technologies, fashion, with little going in the opposite direction. A describes how they will impact education, and explores lopsided flow of knowledge, values and ideas creates an the challenges that could arise due to the nature of cur- atmosphere of mutual suspicion and recrimination, with rent technology adoption models in education. some of the villagers complaining of “cultural imperial- ism” and others fending off such charges by saying they are only promoting the ideas of “democracy.” But for VIRTUAL DESIGN STUDIOS: SOLVING LEARNING the cultures of the “global village” to flourish in a toler- PROBLEMS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ant, mutually beneficial fashion, it is imperative that Dr. Kris Kumar there be real sharing of ideas, knowledge, and values. There is no better forum to address the ever-increasing Emerging technologies are moving the leading econo- need for mutual understanding and mutual respect mies forward and, at the same time, enabling the devel- across cultures and national borders than via collabora- oping world to leapfrog from their current status tive learning. The British Columbia–Ghana Online straight into the forefront of development. If they do not Collaborative Learning Project (BCGOCLP) did just catch up with fast-growing potential technologies, the that. digital divide may leave them further behind than ever before! This chapter highlights the important role up- ADDRESSING DIVERSITY coming instructional technologies can play in Africa, Dr. Madhumita Bhattacharya and Maggie Hartnett Asia and elsewhere through the innovative use of Inter- net, Podcasting, Skype communications and desktop The move towards globalization of education will be audio and videoconferencing. Studios for product de- successful only if we can find the ways and strategies sign and architectural design need to be more than where people could collaborate and integrate to bring normal classrooms; they must provide design and “Unity in Diversity”, which is of utmost importance for drawing and modelling infrastructure, pin-up boards, world peace, sustainability of our rich cultures and prog- and an inspirational environment. Connected global ress together towards a better future. To address the digital design studios can provide the digital equivalent emerging challenges and issues towards globalization of of traditional studios, thus enabling global interactive education we need instructional systems and supporting and collaborative design more easily and accessibly. This technologies which will give considerations to learner chapter concludes with further thoughts on newer in- characteristics, dynamics of interactions and pedagogi- structional technologies. cal principles for effective learning in a global context. It is not only diversity among people but also tools, tech- Education for a Digital World v Chapter Abstracts nologies and strategies which are constantly changing. EXPLORING OPEN SOURCE FOR EDUCATORS This chapter will include the possible ways of instruc- Julia Hengstler tional and interaction design, modes of delivery and approaches to assessment, giving consideration to dif- This chapter presents an overview of open source and ferences among the learners. This chapter will discuss free software with reference to programs of interest to guiding principles to address diversity in a constructive educators. It distinguishes between the Free Software way through analysis of the impact of learning activity and Open Source Movements, describes why these types systems on the learning process. of software should be of particular interest to educators, highlights the importance of the General Public Licence, MOBILE LEARNING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: summarizes key challenges to adoption of freely sourced software, reviews common misperceptions about this PRESENT REALITIES AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES software and provides a methodological framework for Ken Banks the potential adoption of such software. Citations in- clude personal communications from Free Software This chapter talks about how mobile phones are being Movement founder, Richard