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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74-6978 OURADA, Patricia Kathryn, 1926- IHE MEN3MINEE INDIANS: A HISTORY. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1973 History, general University Microfilms, A XERQXCompany, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 PATRICIA KATHRYN OURADA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE MENOMINEE INDIANS: A HISTORY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ..PATRICIA KATHRYN OURADA Norman, Oklahoma 1973 THE MENOMINEE INDIANS: A HISTORY APPROVED BY d ùmm DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGMENT 1 am indebted in the completion of this history of the Menominee Indians to my parents, friends, and teachers for their belief in the project. Dr. Donald J. Berthrong, Head of the Department of History, Purdue University, for­ merly at The University of Oklahoma, and Dr. Savoie Lottin- v ille . Editor Emeritus of The University of Oklahoma Press, gave inspiration, expert counsel, and encouragement through­ out the preparation of this manuscript. A sabbatical leave from Boise State College and an NDEA Fellowship provided funds for the degree work and the dissertation. Many librarians and archivists generously gave of their time and materials during the research phase of the study. I wish to thank the library staff at The University of Oklahoma, particularly Mrs. Alice M. Timmons, Library Assistant, Phillips Collection, Mr. Jack D. Haley, Assistant Archivist, Western History Collections, and Mrs. June Witt, Clerical Supervisor, Western History Collections. The staff at the Federal Records Centers and the National Archives were considerate and helpful, especially Mr. R. Reed Whitaker at the Federal Records Center in Kansas City and Mr. Bruce C. i i i Harding in Chicago. The materials and facilities at the Great Lakes-Ohio Valley Ethnohistory Archives at Indiana University and at the Wisconsin State Historical Society were excellent. Mr. At lee Dodge of Keshena, Wisconsin, read the manuscript and shared it with members of the Menom­ inee tribe. Mrs. Josephine A. Gil, Assistant to the Chairman, Department of History, The University of Oklahoma, kindly agreed to type the final draft of the manuscript. The ex­ cellence of the work attests to her patience and sk ill. The many other people associated with me at Boise State College, in Norman, Oklahoma, and in Menominee, Michigan, are too numerous to mention, but their help and encouragement will always be remembered with appreciation. I V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT i i i Chapter I . WILD RICE PEOPLE .......................................... 1 I I . FRENCH RELATIONS ........................................................... 19 III. BRITISH RELATIONS ....................................................... 69 IV. EARLY UNITED STATES TREATIES ................................ 103 V. MENOMINEE LAND .............................................................. 153 VI. RESERVATION DAYS ........................................................... 201 VII. LUMBERMEN OF THE NORTH ............................................. 241 V III. MENOMINEE COUNTY ........................................................... 281 EPILOGUE .............................................................................................. 324 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................... 334 THE MENOMINEE INDIANS: A HISTORY CHAPTER I WILD RICE PEOPLE I am born to create animals for my uncles. I can create my fi re that the sparks may reach the sky. My arrow I am going to take out, so that while the earth stands there will be enough to eat. Ma 'nabush White Indians? The idea stirs the imagination and conjures up ghosts of proud Viking sons and descendants of the lost Welsh prince, Modoc. "Beaux hommes!" said the French when they first encountered the Menominees in 1634. Modern Menominees scoff at the notion of a European back­ ground. Old Menominees explain their relatively light cop­ per complexion in their ancient myth of tribal origin. This myth serves the Menominees not only to trace their an­ cestry, but as the base for social organization, family precedence, and civil government. The Great Mystery, who made the earth, permitted the Great Underground White Bear with a copper tail to 1 2 emerge from the earth at Mini'Kani near the mouth of the Menominee River and to assume human form. The White Bear's need for a brother prompted the Great Mystery to permit one of the spirits, known as Thunderers from above the earth, to join the bear man. Eagle descended and be­ came a man. Other Thunderers joined the pair, and Nama'- kukiu, the Beaver Woman, also became a generic brother to the group, as did the Wolf. The entire family lived to­ gether along the waters of the Menominee, where wild rice grew and sturgeon abounded. Menominee totems or gentes derive from this original grouping and include the Bear phratry. Big Thunder phratry, and Wolf phratry. Within each phratry are various sub-phratries and totems, each having an animal name. The Bear clan remains the principal phratry, and from it come the great first chiefs of the tribe, while war chiefs descend through the Thunderer phratry.^ No date can be ascribed to the presence of the Menominees along the Menominee River, but recent archaeo­ logical research at the Menominee Riverside Site reveals that men have inhabited the shores of the river for the ^Walter J . Hoffman, The Menomini Indians. U. S. Bureau of American Ethnology, Fourteenth Annual Report, 1892-93 (Washington, D. C .: Government Printing Office, 1896 ), pp. 39-43. A version of the origin myth appears in Alanson Skinner, Material Culture of the Menomini , Indian Notes and Monographs Series, W. H. Hodge, ed. (New York; Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, 1921 ), pp. 46-47. 3 last three thousand years.% Indians of the Old Copper Culture and early Wisconsin moundbuiIders once occupied the vicinity.3 The early Menominees, believed to be in­ digenous to the area, belong to the Woodland culture pat­ tern.^ Certain aspects of their culture reflect adapta­ tions suitable to the environment. The Menominees were Algonquian speaking Indians who maintained a central village at Mini'Kani near the mouth of the Menominee River. They roamed over an area extending from the Escanaba River in the north to the Milwaukee River in the south, and as far west as the Mis­ sissippi River. After white contact and the beginning of the fur trade, tribal bands moved from the parent settle­ ment. The Okato wini 'niwDk, Pike Place people, dwelt at the mouth of the Oconto River; the Pasa'tiko wini'niwuk ^Robert Hruska, "The Riverside Site: A Late Ar­ chaic Manifestation in Michigan," Wisconsin Archaeologist. New Series, XLVIII:3 (September, 1957), 145-257. Radio carbon dates secured from bone at the site yielded a date of 3,040 B. P., from charcoal the earliest was 2,460 + or -140, p. 255. ^S. A. Barrett and Alanson Skinner, "Certain Mounds and Village Sites of Shawano and Oconto Counties, Wiscon­ sin," Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwau­ kee. X:5 (March 4, 1932), 401-522; Chandler W. Rowe, The Effigy Mound Culture of Wisconsin. Number 3, Milwaukee Public Museum Publications in Anthropology (Milwaukee: Greenwood Press, 1970). ^Robert E. Ritzenthaler and Pat Ritzentha1er, The Woodland Indians of the Western Great Lakes. American Mu- seum of Science Books (New York: The Natural History Press, 1970). k at the mouth of the Peshtigo River; the Male Sua'mako