MAZUR: THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE Cwięka-Skrzyniarz © 2007 MAZUR: THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE ii (THIS IS A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL COVER-PAGE, 1984) S O U R C E S O F T H E P O L I S H T R A D I T I O N VOLUME II THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE Obertas Mazurka Oberek-Mazurek Mazourka Mazurek Quadrille-Mazurka Mazur Mazurka-Quadrille VOLUME III THE POLISH FIGURE DANCE BOOK (A Compendium of Ballroom and Stage Dance Figures for Historical and Contemporary Choreographies and Dance Leaders.) Cwięka-Skrzyniarz MAZUR: THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book was an outgrowth of our first volume, The Great Polish Walking Dance, published in 1983. The first book began in 1969 as a mere collection of dance steps. As that collection grew, it became necessary to apply analytic principles to the material and also to take a Historical approach. This work continued and expanded into the present new volume. From 1971 to 1977 twenty-five months were spent doing research in Poland. These research trips were funded by the Kościuszko Foundation of New York City and the Polish People via the Polish Government. The author’s first researches were done under the guidance of Dr. G. Dąbrowska of the Polish Institute of Arts and Science. In the realm of Stage Dance, words of thanks must be given to the managements of the Wielki Teatr and Operetta of Warszawa and to the Operetta of Kraków. Individual dancers who were helpful were Jan Klinski and Ryszard Krawucki. Special thanks must be given to the choreographer, Witold Gruca, of the Teatr Wielki (National Theater) of Warzsawa. Professor Kopycinski of the Polish Character Ballet Company deserves much praise from us, as does Hanna Chojnacka of the State Ballet School of Warszawa. In Kraków thanks are given to Jacek Heczko for both his dance information and friendship. The Polonia Society for Relations Abroad must be cited for providing special assistance in the matter of amateur dance groups and dance courses. Maria Romowicz is to be acknowledged for her help with the dances of the Żywiec area. New researches began on the present volume after 1985 or so and has continued since then. For this a new set of acknowledgments are in order. My special thanks go to Dr. J. Pudełek of Warszawa for placing me in contact with Miss J. Shibilski of Warszawa, Poland who obtained and translated some of my first Russian language sources. Subsequent efforts led to the acquistion of more Russian material. Many libraries, regional and national, throughout Europe supplied me with both primary and secondary source materials. I thank them all. The most important material came from the following institutions: The National Library of Russia, Biblioteka Narodowa of Warszawa, Museum Narodowa of Warszawa, Museum Czartoryski of Kraków, Jagiellonska University Library of Kraków, New York Public Library, Princeton University Library, Columbia University Library, and the Inter-Library Loan Departments of the Newark Public Library and of Essex County College. The Center For Academic Technology of Seton Hall University and the Computer Information Services Department of Essex County College also aided in our work. We are grateful for original archival motion picture film material from the Herman Axelbank Film Collection, Hoover Instition Archives of Stanford University. We are grateful to Dance Horizons Publishing for permission to reproduce part of their edition of Rameau’s, The Dancing Master. Additional interesting material, dealing with early 19th century German manuals, was donated by R. Powers in 1997. 2007 R. 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MAZUR: THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE iv KAROL MESTENHAUSER POLISH DANCE TEACHER AND PROLIFIC AUTHOR OF POLISH MAZUR MANUALS OF THE XIX-XX CENTURIES May his Love for the Mazur be perpetuated by We who share his Love and carry on the Tradition to the end of Time MAZUR: THE ELEGANT POLISH RUNNING-SLIDING DANCE v TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I THE HISTORY EARLY THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE MAZUR ............................................................................ 1 THE 19TH CENTURY UP TO 1764 .................................................................................................................. 3 THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO 1800 ................................................................................................................... 7 POLISH FOLK DANCES OF THE LATE 18TH CENTURY ........................................................................ 8 TURN OF THE 19TH CENTURY—THE UŁAN PERIOD .......................................................................... 13 UŁAN CLOTHING STYLES ........................................................................................................................... 18 DANCE LESSONS AND THE EARLY MAZUR ........................................................................................... 21 THE MAZUR FORM IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY ........................................................................... 22 POLAND’S NAPOLEONIC ERA .................................................................................................................... 23 SUMMARY OF THE EARLY UŁAN PERIOD (1800-1815) ........................................................................ 31 THE CONGRESS KINGDOM PERIOD (1815-1831) .................................................................................... 32 SUMMARY OF THE PERIOD (1815-1831) ................................................................................................... 47 AMERICA FIRST OR FIRST IN AMERICA? .............................................................................................. 50 WORKS FROM 1846-1847 ............................................................................................................................... 57 THE WARSZAWA DANCE STAGE .............................................................................................................. 87 SUMMARY OF THE DANCE WORKS (1831-1863) .................................................................................... 91 THE JANUARY INSURRECTION OF 1863 .................................................................................................. 95 1863-1914 ............................................................................................................................................................ 97 THE POLISH MAZUR DANCE MANUALS ............................................................................................... 105 A MUSICAL SURVEY .................................................................................................................................... 114 SUMMARY UP TO WORLD WAR I ............................................................................................................ 124 1914-1974 .......................................................................................................................................................... 125 THE RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I .................................................................................................... 125 SUMMARY OF INTERWAR PERIOD ................................................................................................ 132 WORLD WAR II-1974 .................................................................................................................................... 134 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................. 136 MAZUR PROBLEMS ..................................................................................................................................... 138 WORKS CITED .............................................................................................................................................. 139 PART II THE WORKBOOK THE DANCE MOVEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 144 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 145 POLISH VOCABULARY ...................................................................................................................... 147 INTRODUCTORY NOTES ........................................................................................................................... 147 FOOT-LEG MOVEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 148 THE MOVEMENT-MATRIX: A CONCEPT ........................................................................................... 149 THE MAZUREK-OBERTAS FORM .......................................................................................................... 151 UPPER BODY MOVEMENTS ............................................................................................................. 152 ARMS AND HEAD MOTIONS ........................................................................................................... 153 COUPLE POSITIONS ............................................................................................................................ 153 FOOT-LEG MOVEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 154 “FIGURES” AND “THEMES” OF THE DANCE .............................................................................