Hegemonic Order and Regional Stability in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Study of Nigeria and South Africa BY OGUNNUBI RASHEED OLUSOLA (211549688) Submitted in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Political Science) in the Graduate Programme in the College of Humanities, School of Social Sciences, of the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa November 2013 Supervisors Prof. NI Okeke-Uzodike Dr. BR Mngomezulu DECLARATION I, Olusola Ogunnubi (Student Number 211549688), declare that 1. The research reported in this thesis, except where otherwise indicated, is my original work. 2. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. 3. This thesis does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from such persons. 4. This thesis does not contain other persons' writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers. Where other written sources have been quoted, then: a. Their words have been re-written but the general information attributed to them has been referenced; b. Where their exact words have been used, then their writing has been placed in italics and inside quotation marks, and referenced. 5. This thesis does not contain text, graphics or tables copied and pasted from the Internet, unless specifically acknowledged, and the source being detailed in the thesis and in the References sections. Olusola Ogunnubi ___________________ Student Name _____________ Date _______________ Name of Supervisor _______________ Signature __________________ Name of co-supervisor ________________ Signature ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to the One who is able to save unto the uttermost; the Almighty God, my maker and comforter. It is He who has kept me inspite of my consistent inconsistencies. And To the memory of my late father Prince Kolawole Gafari Ogunnubi who instilled in me the values of education. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT To have completed this huge task on my own would not have been possible without the wonderful complement from several people who have assited me all the way right from the start to the finish line. First, I would like to acknowledge the immense intellectual guidance and robust contribution from my supervisors; Professor Ufo- Okeke Uzodike and Dr. Bheki Mngomezulu. Your mentorship, comments and critique of this thesis has been of inestimable value. I owe tones of gratitude to my parents, late Prince Kola Ogunnubi and Mrs. Doyin Ogunnubi for ensuring that I succeed academically despite the obvious limitation. They ensured that I had a solid, quality and the highest level of education possible. I am the product of your ceaseless prayers. I also wish to thank and appreciate my beautiful and intelligent wife; soon to be a Dr. herself, Mrs. Funmilayo Faloye- Ogunnubi. I would not have wished for a better wife. Clearly, it would have been impossible to complete this thesis in record time without your wonderful support at all times. God bless you! I also want to specially appreciate the timely and generous financial support from the Church of Pentecost (Anglican Communion) that enabled me to commence this study. May God continue to enrich the ministry of the Church mightily. To my Godparents, Otunba and Iya Ewe E.A. Ogunnubi, I am extremely grateful to you for bringing me up in the way that is upright. Your investment in my life and that of many others has continued to yield dividends and will not go unrewarded. To my wonderful siblings (Deola, Bolaji, Folaju and Tolu and their families), you have been a source of strength and inspiration to me at all times. Our success shall be complete. Many thanks also to my cousins Bro(s) Yinka, Deolu, Gbogzy, Deji, Femi and Tope as well as their lovely wives; Sis’ Yewande, Oreofe, Bukky, Ibk. Thank you for your support and prayers. To the globally reknowed Parish Youth Council (PYC) of the Church of Pentecost of which I was privilege to lead at some point, I am indeed grateful for your years of iv prayers and support in every way. Special thanks to my generation of executives (2009/10; Atinuke, Chimoliquor, Dayo (D1), Kofo, Kemi Ojo, Femi Faleye, Nnamdi, Femi Yusuf, Joy, Ijeoma, Oluchim, Rotimi, Yinka, Samuel, Ezinne, Tomi, Uche, Toke, Nd1, Wale, Kunski, Temilolu (my successor), and Tobi). May your labour of love be rewarded beyond the limits of your imagination. I should also thank my chairmen; Bros’ Chi, Ayo, Ladi and all other senior friends; to my JAG members; Tomi, Jonathan, Ekele and Wole. God bless you. You have taught me yet again that "when God is writing your story, anything is possible!" I am hugely indebted to my OVCAF and OVCF compatriot. I cannot possibly mention all the names but must mention JMX, Pst Gbenro Aju, Papa Samo, Tayute et al. I acknowledge and do not take for granted your tremendous support and investment in me! Thanks!!! I should also thank my spiritual fathers and mothers; Bishop Dahunsi, Venerable Adeyeye, Mr and Mrs Ashiru, Mrs Koyi, Pa Akindele, Pa Olagunju, Pa Adegboye, Mr Soyoye, Mrs Okogie, Mrs Okeleke. The mentorship of Dr. I. Pogoson is also appreciated. Also worthy of mention are my colleagues and support staff at the School of Social Sciences; University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; Ayo, Saikemi, Hakeem, Oye, Tella and Muyiwa, Dr. Gbolahan as well as Nancy, Thenjie, Perdita, Vincent and Winnie. Special thanks to my only family in South Africa; Dr. and Mrs Ojo and their lovely kids Tolani & Nifemi. I should also not forget to thank and appreciate the wonderful assistance from my research assistant Emmanuel Matambo as well as everyone who contributed in sharing meaningful ideas that added value in one way or the other to the thesis. Finally, I want to appreciate my students at UKZN and at Aloes Residence. Keep the dream alive! God bless you all! Olusola Ogunnubi November 21, 2013 v ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ACCORD- African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ACGT- African Centre for Gene Technologies ACP- African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States ADB- African Development Bank AEC- African Economic Community AMVCA- Africa Magic Viewer’s Choice Awards ANC- African National Congress APRM- African Peer Review Mechanism ARC- Agricultural Research Council ARMSCOR- Arms Corporation ASSA- Astronomical Society of Southern Africa AU- African Union BBC- British Broadcasting Corporation BIS- Bank for International Settlements BOSS- Bureau for State Security BRICS- Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CAEC- Central African Economic Community CAF- Confederation of African Football CAR- Central African Republic CCTA- Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara CHOGM- Heads of Government of the Commonwealth countries CNN- Cable News Network CONSAS- Constellation of Southern African States CSA- Scientific Council for Africa South of the Sahara CSIR- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DFA- Department of Foreign Affairs DICON- Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria DIRCO- Department of International Relations and Cooperation DMI- Directorate of Military Intelligence DoD- Department of Defence DRC- Democratic Republic of Congo ECA- Economic Commission for Africa vi ECC- Economic Commission for Africa ECOMOG- ECOWAS Monitoring Group ECOWAS- Economic Community of West African States EFCC- Economic and Financial Crimes Commission; EC- European Commission (EC) EU- European Union FAMA- Foundation for Mutual Assistance in Africa FCT- Federal Capital Territory FDI- Foreign Direct Investment FIBA- Fédération Internationale de Basketball FIFA- Fédération Internationale de Football Association FIH- International Hockey Federation FNLA- Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola FOCAC- Forum on China-Africa Cooperation GDP- Gross Domestic Product GFP- Global Fire Power GGC- Gulf of Guinea Commission GIGA- German Institute of Global and Area Studies GSSA- The Grassland Society of Southern Africa G20- Group of Group of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors of 20 major economies: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, United Kingdom, United States of America and Turkey G24- Group of Twenty four (A grouping of developing countries) G77- Group of Seventy seven (Largest intergovernmental organization of developing states in the United Nations) HST- Hegemonic Stability Theory IAAF- International Association of Athletics Federations IAEA- International Atomic Energy Agency IBSA- India, Brazil, South Africa Dialogue Forum IBRD- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICA- International Cycling Association ICC- International Chamber of Commerce vii ICC- International Cricket Council ICC- International Criminal Court ICJ- International Court of Justice ICPC- Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission IDA- International Development Association IDC- Industrial Development Corporation IFAD- International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC- International Finance Corporation IGD- Institute of Global Dialogue ILO- International Labour Organization IMF- International Monetary Fund IMO- International Maritime Organization IMSO- International Mobile Satellite Organization ING- Interim National Government INGO- International Non-Governmental Organizations INTERPOL- International Criminal Police Organization IOC- International Olympic Committee IOR-ARC-