Name ______________________________ Cell Structure & Movement Review 1. List the main characteristics of living things. 1. Made of cells. 2. Require energy (food). 3. Reproduce (species). 4. Maintain homeostasis. 5. Organized. 6. Respond to environment. 7. Grow and develop. 8. Exchange materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases). 2. Write the levels of organization (living & nonliving) in order beginning with the atom. Non-Living: Atom, molecule, organelle Living: Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism History & the Cell Theory 3. Robert __ ___ Hooke____________ ____ was first to view and draw ______ cork______ cells from plants in ___ _______________(leave blank) ______. 4. W ere these cells living? What was their shape? No, shaped like the small rooms that monks lived in (cells). 1 5. Who coined the term "cells"? Robert Hooke 6. ____________Anton van Leeuwenhoek__________________________ ___ was the first to view living cells in ___Pond___________ water ________________. 7. Describe his microscope. Simple, hand-held, much like the one created by Robert Hooke. 8. 7. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. a. All living things are made of cells. b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. c. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells. 9. _______Bacteria_____ _______ , ____ Animal______________ , and _______ Plant ____________ are three basic types of cells. 10. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Unicellular: Composed of one cell Multicellular: Composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. 11. Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest --- virus, ant, atom, protein, animal cell, chloroplast, human, and human egg cell. atom, protein, virus, chloroplast, animal cell, human egg, ant, human 12. Cells range from ___________ 5 to __ _____ 50 ___ micrometers in size. 13. Which is largest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Animal cell 14. Which is smallest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Bacteria 15. Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize. What does this mean? Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions). They become specialized by turning different genes on and off. 2 16. Give several examples of specialized animal cells. Nerve, cardiac, muscle 17. How do cells specialize in multicellular organisms? What is another name for this process? They become specialized by turning different genes on and off; cell differentiation. Organization Levels of life 18. List the 3 nonliving levels of life in order from simplest to most complex. Atom, molecule, organelle 19. At what level does life begin? Cell 20. What are tissues? Groups of cells 21. What are organs? Groups of tissues 22. What makes up an organ system? Different organs working together. 23. Organ systems working together make up a n ___ Organism_________________ _________. Simple or Complex Cells 24. What is a prokaryotic cell and give an example? Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Includes bacteria. 25. Describe the hereditary material of a bacterial cell. DNA located in the nucleoid region. 26. DNA is located in the ______ Nucleoid____________ _____ region of a prokaryote, while the cell________ Membrane_______ ______ and cell _______ wall__________ ______ surround the outside of the cell. 27. What makes up the cell wall of bacteria? Peptidoglycan 28. What organelle without a membrane is found in bacteria & what is its function? Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins. 29. What are eukaryotes and give 4 examples? Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals. 3 30. Which is more complex --- prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Eukaryotes 31. Name the 3 basic parts of all eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm with organelles. Organelles 32. What are organelles and where are they found? Very small (Microscopic). Perform various functions for a cell. Found in the cytoplasm. 33. Do all organelles have a membrane? May or may not be membrane-bound. 34. What is another name for the cell membrane? Plasma membrane 35. The cell membranes made of a double layer of ____________ Phospholipids_______ _____ and ___________Proteins ____________. 36. The cell membrane surrounds the outside of ______ All ___________________ cells. 37. What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters and leaves the cell. 38. Is the cell membrane living or nonliving? Living 39. What makes up the head of a phospholipid? Glycerol and phosphate 40. What makes up the tails of a phospholipid? Fatty acids 41. Phospholipids make up a ______ Bilayer_________ ______ with the _____ tails ______________ p ointing _________ Inward_______ __ toward each other. 42. Phospholipid heads attract water and are said to be _________________, Hydrophilic while tails repel water and are said to be ________ Hydrophobic________ _________. 43. Can phospholipids move? Explain. Move laterally to allow small molecules to enter 4 44. Name 4 small molecules that can move easily through the phospholipid bilayer. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, water, glucose 45. What is the function(s) of membrane proteins? Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition. 46. Where is the cell membrane in plants found? Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells. 47. Is the cell wall a living or nonliving layer? Non-living 48. Name 3 types of cells with cell walls around them. Plants, bacteria, fungi 49. What is cytoplasm? Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane. 50. What takes place inside the cytoplasm? Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place. 51. Organelles_______________ are found inside the cytoplasm of a cell. 52. What type(s) of cells have cytoplasm? All types of cells. 53. What is the function of the nucleus? Controls the normal activities of the cell. 54. What surrounds the nucleus? Bounded by the nuclear envelope 55. What is the purpose of nuclear pores? To allow the RNA to move to the ribosome for protein synthesis 5 56. Why is the nucleus so easy to see through a microscope? Largest organelle 57. Chromosomes contain ____________ DNA that control the characteristics of the cell. 58. Describe the nuclear envelope. Double membrane surrounding nucleus. Also called nuclear membrane. Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus. Connected to the rough ER. 59. In non - dividing cells, DNA is ______________ Spread out and appears as a mass called ________________Chromatin __________. 60. In dividing cells, DNA ________ Condensed___________ and wraps around ______________ proteins to form visible ____________ Chromosomes________ ______. 61. __________DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 62. Where is the nucleolus located? Inside the nucleus 63. What is the job of the nucleolus? Creates ribosomes that make proteins 64. Nucleolus______________________ _________ make proteins for the cell. 65. Give two functions of the cytoskeleton. Helps cell maintain cell shape. Also help move organelles around. 66. The cytoskeleton is made of ______ Proteins______________________________ __________. 67. _______Microfilaments_________ ____________ are threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton, while _______Microtubules__________ ___________ are tube-like proteins. 68. ___________________Centrioles ____________ are found only in animal cells. 69. Centrioles come in ______________ Pairs and are found near the ___________ nucleus _______. 70. Centrioles are made of a bundle of ______________. Microtubules What is their function? Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell. 6 71. The ___ Mitochondria____________ ___________ is the powerhouse of the cell and generates cellular __ Energy_________ ____________ or ___ ATP_________ ______. 72. Which cell(s) have mitochondria? Both animal and plant cells 73. What process takes place inside the mitochondria? What is being burned? Cellular respiration, burning glucose 74. Mitochondria are surrounded by a _____________________membrane Double and has its own _______ DNA_______________ ____. 75. The _____________ Matrix is the interior compartment of the mitochondria. 76. From where do you get YOUR mitochondria? Your mother 77. Name the energy produced when the mitochondria burn glucose. ATP 78. What does ER stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum 79. ER functions in the _______________ Synthesis of cell products & in _____________ transport of these products. 80. Name the 2 kinds of ER. Smooth and rough 81. Why is rough ER rough? Has ribosomes on its surface 82. Proteins are made in _________ Ribosomes____ __________ on the rough ER surface and then Threaded______________ into the interior of the ER to be modified and transported. 83. Smooth___________ ______________ ER lacks ribosomes and is attached to the ends of the ______________________. Rough ER 84. Cell products made by smoot h ER are for use ________ Inside _______________ the cell. 85. Give 3 functions of smooth ER. • Makes membrane lipids (steroids). • Regulates calcium (muscle cells). • Destroys toxic substances (Liver). 7 86. Ribosomes are made of _____________ Proteins and __________ mRNA and function as ______________Protein factories. 87. Ribosomes join _________________ Amino acids to make proteins though a process called __Protein______________________. synthesis 88. Where are free ribosomes found in a cell? Cytoplasm 89. ______Golgi bodies______ _______ look like stacks of flattened sacs and have shipping