A MPEGGuide Fundamentals to and Protocol Analysis Revision 2 Includes Next Generation CODECs, High Definition Video and Mobile RF Digital Modulation A Guide to MPEG Fundamentals and Protocol Analysis Primer Section 1 – Introduction to MPEG................................................................................1 Section 2 – Compression in Video ..................................................................................8 Section 3 – Audio Compression ................................................................................23 3.1 The Hearing Mechanism..........................................................................................................................23 3.2 Subband Coding......................................................................................................................................24 3.3 MPEG Layer 1..........................................................................................................................................25 3.4 MPEG Layer 2 ..............................................................................................................................................26 3.5 Transform Coding....................................................................................................................................26 3.6 MPEG Layer 3 ............................................................................................................................................27 3.7 MPEG-2 Audio ..............................................................................................................................................27 3.8 MPEG-4 Audio ..............................................................................................................................................27 3.9 AC-3 ..........................................................................................................................................................28 Section 4 – The Standards ........................................................................................29 4.1 What is MPEG............................................................................................................................................29 4.2 Who Are ITU............................................................................................................................................29 4.3 Evolution of the Standards..............................................................................................................................29 4.3.1 Video Performance..................................................................................................................................30 4.3.2 Licensing ..........................................................................................................................................................31 4.4 MPEG-1 ......................................................................................................................................................31 4.5 MPEG-2 ..................................................................................................................................................31 4.5.1 Profiles and Levels in MPEG-2 ................................................................................................................32 4.6 MPEG-4 ..................................................................................................................................................34 4.6.1 MPEG-4 Standards Documents ..............................................................................................................35 4.6.2 Object Coding..................................................................................................................................................35 4.6.3 Video and Audio Coding ..........................................................................................................................36 4.6.4 Scalability ..................................................................................................................................................................36 4.6.5 Variable Macroblock Size ................................................................................................................................37 4.6.6 Profiles and Levels in MPEG-4 part 10 (AVC/H.264) ................................................................................37 4.6.7 MP4 Container Format ................................................................................................................................38 4.7 SMPTE VC-1 ..............................................................................................................................................38 4.7.1 Variable Macroblock Size ........................................................................................................................39 4.7.2 Motion Compensation ....................................................................................................................................39 4.7.3 Loop Filtering ..................................................................................................................................................39 4.7.4 Fading Compensation..............................................................................................................................40 4.7.5 Profiles and Levels ......................................................................................................................................40 4.8 MPEG-7 AND MXF ..........................................................................................................................................40 4.9 MPEG-21..........................................................................................................................................................40 Section 5 – Elementary Streams ..........................................................................41 5.1 Video Elementary Stream Syntax................................................................................................................41 5.2 Audio Elementary streams..............................................................................................................................42 Section 6 – Packetized Elementary Streams (PES) ................................................43 6.1 PES Packets ....................................................................................................................................................43 6.2 Time Stamps....................................................................................................................................................43 6.3 PTS/DTS ..........................................................................................................................................................44 Section 7 – Program Streams..............................................................................45 7.1 Recording vs. Transmission ............................................................................................................................45 7.2 Introduction to Program Streams ............................................................................................................45 www.tektronix.com/video_audio i A Guide to MPEG Fundamentals and Protocol Analysis Primer Section 8 – Transport Streams ............................................................................46 8.1 The Job of a Transport Stream ................................................................................................................46 8.2 Packets ............................................................................................................................................................47 8.3 Program Clock Reference (PCR) ....................................................................................................................47 8.4 Packet Identification (PID) ..............................................................................................................................48 8.5 Program Specific Information (PSI) ..........................................................................................................48 Section 9 – Digital Modulation ........................................................................................50 9.1 Principles of Modulation ..............................................................................................................................50 9.2 Analog Modulation........................................................................................................................................50 9.3 Qadrature Modulation..............................................................................................................................50 9.4 Simple Digital Modulation Systems ..........................................................................................................51 9.5 Phase Shift Keying........................................................................................................................................52 9.5.1 Turbo 8PSK ............................................................................................................................................53 9.5.2 DVB S2..........................................................................................................................................................53 9.6 Qadrature Amplitude Modulation