ICES WKPSPD REPORT 2013 SCICOM STEERING GROUP ON HUMAN INTERACTIONS ON ECOSYSTEMS ICES CM 2013/SSGHIE:02 REF. SCICOM, ACOM Report of the Workshop on the Application of Passive Sampling and Passive Dosing to Contaminants in Marine Media (WKPSPD) 29–31 January 2013 Copenhagen, Denmark International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 2013. Report of the Workshop on the Application of Passive Sampling and Pas- sive Dosing to Contaminants in Marine Media (WKPSPD), 29–31 January 2013, Co- penhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2013/SSGHIE:02. 54 pp. For permission to reproduce material from this publication, please apply to the Gen- eral Secretary. The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. © 2013 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES WKPSPD REPORT 2013 | i Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 1 1 Glossary ........................................................................................................................... 3 2 Opening of the meeting ................................................................................................ 4 3 Adoption of the agenda ................................................................................................ 5 4 Session 1: Compliance monitoring ............................................................................. 6 4.1 Presentations ......................................................................................................... 6 4.1.1 Paul Whitehouse (by WebEx): "EQSs for controlling toxic substances under the Water Framework Directive: challenges in implementing biota standards" ...................................... 6 4.1.2 Peter Lepom: “Passive sampling in regulatory monitoring – Opportunities and limitations.” ............................................................. 7 4.1.3 Martin Mørk Larsen: “Passive sampling and the monitoring requirements of OSPAR and HELCOM.”........................ 7 4.1.4 Uta Kraus: “Testing and validation of passive samplers for monitoring priority organic pollutants for WFD, MSFD, HELCOM and OSPAR.” ......................................................................... 7 4.2 Discussion on compliance monitoring (WFD) and status monitoring (OSPAR) ............................................................................................ 8 5 Session 2: Passive sampling of marine and transitional waters.......................... 14 5.1 Presentations ....................................................................................................... 14 5.1.1 Els Monteyne: “The role of passive sampling in the Belgian monitoring program” ............................................................................ 14 5.1.2 Jan Brant: “Use of passive sampling devices for surveys and monitoring in UK waters.” ........................................................... 14 5.1.3 Ian Allan: The state of the art with polar samplers ........................... 17 5.2 Discussion on passive sampling of marine and transitional waters ............ 19 6 Session 3: Passive sampling of sediments .............................................................. 22 6.1 Presentations ....................................................................................................... 22 6.1.1 Philipp Mayer, Kimmo Mäenpää, Annika Jahnke & Gesine Witt: “Equilibrium sampling of hydrophobic organic pollutants in sediment. .......................................................................... 22 6.1.2 Foppe Smedes: "Compounds in silicone rubber passive samplers equilibrated with marine sediments." ................................ 22 6.1.3 Philipp Mayer: “Conclusions from the Pellston workshop on bioavailability/bioaccessibility measurements using passive sampling devices for the management of contaminated sediments.” .................................................................... 24 6.2 Discussion on passive sampling of sediments ................................................ 24 7 Session 4: Linking passive sampling to concentrations in biota ........................ 27 7.1 Presentations ....................................................................................................... 27 ii | ICES WKPSPD REPORT 2013 7.1.1 Foppe Smedes: "Surface water passive sampling and concentrations in biota." ........................................................................ 27 7.1.2 Philipp Mayer, Stine N. Schmidt, Annika Jahnke, Kimmo Mäenpää: “Calibrating passive sampling and passive dosing techniques to lipid based concentrations.” ............................ 29 7.2 Discussion on linking passive sampling to concentrations in biota ............ 30 8 Session 5: Passive sampling/dosing and toxicity testing ...................................... 33 8.1 Presentations ....................................................................................................... 33 8.1.1 Craig Robinson: “Passive sampling and in vitro toxicity testing in Scotland.” ............................................................................... 33 8.1.2 Els Monteyne: “The role of passive dosing in the Belgian monitoring program.” ........................................................................... 34 8.2 Discussion on passive sampling/dosing and toxicity testing ....................... 34 9 Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 37 10 References ..................................................................................................................... 39 Annex 1: List of participants............................................................................................... 48 Annex 2: Agenda ................................................................................................................... 50 Annex 3: WKPSPD terms of reference ............................................................................. 52 Annex 4: Recommendations ............................................................................................... 54 ICES WKPSPD REPORT 2013 | 1 Executive summary The ICES Workshop on the Application of Passive Sampling and Passive Dosing to Contaminants in Marine Media (WKPSPD) met at ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen, on 29–31 January 2013. The meeting was co-chaired by Kees Booij (the Netherlands) and Craig Robinson (UK), with 16 other participants from 8 countries. The main aims of the workshop were to report on the current state of the art for passive sampling (PS) and passive dosing (PD), and to identify opportunities and gaps with respect to their use in environmental monitoring and assessment programmes required by Re- gional Seas Conventions, or the EU Marine Strategy Framework (MSFD) and Water Framework Directives (WFD). The Workshop was organised around 5 theme sessions each with presentations and discussions on identifying where PS/PD is able to meet the requirements of OSPAR and EU monitoring programmes, what the important knowledge gaps are, and how further progress can be made. The report is also structured around these themes, with an over-arching discussion. The five themes were: • Technical requirements of compliance monitoring for OSPAR and under EU Directives • Passive sampling of marine and transitional waters • Passive sampling of sediments • Linking passive sampling to biota concentrations • Passive dosing in toxicity tests The Workshop recognised that the most mature use of PS is for hydrophobic contam- inants, whilst uncertainty around sampling rates means that PS for polar compounds (although useful in investigative monitoring) is not currently suitable for compliance monitoring. There was a lack of available expertise regarding PS of metals. Howev- er, it was recognised that there is a long history of passive metal sampling in both water and sediments, that the approach is more mature than PS for polar compounds, and that the concentrations determined have toxicological relevance. PS is used to determine the chemical activity of environmental contaminants (some- times described as “pollutant pressure”) through measuring their freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree). Since Cfree of hydrophobic compounds is proportional to con- centrations in biota (Cbiota), it is directly linked to toxicity, requires no normalisation for global comparability, and is a more relevant metric for environmental assess- ments than are “total” concentrations in water or sediments that do not relate well to toxicity (even if normalised, e.g. for amorphous organic carbon). The Workshop identified several key weaknesses of existing monitoring that can be addressed by PS. For biota, traditional monitoring is hampered by the diversity of organisms employed, and physiological variability in response to environmental variables; this complicates comparisons between regions, or against EAC/EQSs. Like organisms, PS devices (PSDs) accumulate contaminants over time, to similar concen- trations, and with similar drivers for uptake. However, PS has negligible background concentrations, the derived Cfree is not influenced by environmental