Sufism in the West With the increasing Muslim diaspora in post-modern Western societies, Sufism – intellectually as well as sociologically – may eventually become mainstream Islam itself due to its versatile potential, especially in the wake of what has been called the failure of political Islam world-wide. Sufism in the West provides a timely account of this subject and is primarily concerned with the latest developments in the history of Sufism and elaborates the ideas and institutions which organise Sufism and folk- religious practices. The topics discussed include: • The orders and movements • Their social base • Organisation and institutionalisation • Recruitment-patterns in new environments • Channels of disseminating ideas, such as ritual, charisma, and organisation • Reasons for their popularity among certain social groups • The nature of their affiliation with the countries of their origin Sufism in the West is essential reading for students and academics with research interests in Islam, Islamic History and Social Anthropology. John Hinnells is former Professor and founding chair of the Department for the Study of Religion at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London University. His main research interest is in Zoroastrianism and has also edited the New Penguin Dictionary of Religions and the New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions. Jamal Malik is Chair of Religious Studies and Islamic Studies at the University of Erfurt, Germany. His areas of interest and research are Islamic Religion, Social History of Muslim South Asia, Colonialism and Political Islam, Islamic Mysticism and Muslims in the West. Sufism in the West Edited by Jamal Malik and John Hinnells I~ ~~o~!~~n~~~up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Editorial matters and selection, Jamal Malik and John Hinnells; individual chapters their contributors Typeset in Garamond by Keyword Group Ltd, Wallington The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial- No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN13: 978-0-415-27407-4 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-27408-1 (pbk) Contents List of contributors vii Preface x Introduction 1 JAMAL MALIK 1 Literary productions of Western Sufi movements 28 MARCIA HERMANSEN 2 Persian Sufism in the contemporary West: reflections on the Ni‘matu’llahi diaspora 49 LEONARD LEWISOHN 3 The evolution of the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi: Sulaymançis in Germany 71 GERDIEN JONKER 4 Third-wave Sufism in America and the Bawa Muhaiyaddeen Fellowship 86 GISELA WEBB 5 Transnational Sufism: the Haqqaniyya 103 JORGEN S. NIELSEN, MUSTAFA DRAPER AND GALINA YEMELIANOVA 6 Aspects of the Naqshbandi-Haqqani order in North America 115 DAVID W. DAMREL 7 Seekers on the path: different ways of being a Sufi in Britain 127 PNINA WERBNER vi Contents 8 Learning the lessons from the neo-revivalist and Wahhabi movements: the counterattack of the new Sufi movements in the UK 142 RON GEAVES 9 Popular Islam in northern Pakistan and its reconstruction in urban Britain 160 ROGER BALLARD Glossary 187 Bibliography 190 Index 203 List of contributors Roger Ballard is an anthropologist, and Director of the Centre for Applied South Asian Studies in the University of Manchester. He has a long-standing interest in all aspects of the development of Britain’s many South Asian communities, and has carried out extensive ethnographic research in the UK, as well as in both Indian and Pakistani Punjab. The author of many articles, he edited Desh Pardesh: the South Asian Presence in Britain (London: Hurst, 1994). David W. Damrel teaches in the Department of Religious Studies at Arizona State University and has research interests in contemporary and early modern Islamic mysticism. His current research project investigates mysticism and dissent in contemporary transnational Muslim communities. Some of his publications include ‘Muslim Spaces in South Asia’, in Sacred Places and Modern Landscapes, (ed. Ronald A. Lukens-Bull, 2003), and ‘The “Naqshbandi Reaction” Reconsidered’, in Beyond Turk and Hindu (ed. David Gilmartin and Bruce Lawrence, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). Mustafa Draper is Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian- Muslim Relations (CSIC), Department of Theology, University of Birmingham, UK. Ron Geaves is Professor of Religious Studies at University College, Chester. He is particularly interested in Muslim, especially Sufi, diasporas in the West. His major publications are Sectarian Influences within Islam in Britain (Leeds: University of Leeds, 1996), Sufis of the West (Cardiff: Cardiff Academic Press, 2000) and Islam and the West post 9/11 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), edited with Yvonne Haddad, Theodore Gabriel and Jane Smith. His latest book, Aspects of Islam, is published by Darton, Longman and Todd. Marcia Hermansen is Professor of Islamic Studies in the Theology Department of Loyola University, Chicago. She works both on classical Islamic thought and on contemporary topics such as Muslims in America and Western Sufi movements. Publications include The Conclusive Argument from God. Shah Wali Allah of Delhi’s Hujjat Allah al-Baligha (Brill: Leiden, 1997), and ‘Islamic Religious Healing in Chicago: Intersections of South Asian Sufi, American, and Islamic Models’ for Religious Healing in America (ed. Susan Sered and Linda L. Barnes, Oxford, 2004). viii List of contributors John Hinnells, prior to retirement, was Professor of Comparative Religion at Manchester and the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He now works at Liverpool Hope University College, part time, and is a Senior Member of Robinson College, Cambridge. His main area of research is on the Parsis (Zoroastrians in Britain, Oxford Clarendon Press, 1996 and The Zoroastrian Diaspora, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005). He is also interested in questions of theory and method in the study of reli- gion (see Companion to the Study of Religion, Routledge, 2005). Gerdien Jonker works at the Department of Social and Comparative Anthropology, Viadrina-University Frankfurt (Oder). Recent publications are, Eine Wellenlänge zu Gott: Der Verband der Islamischen Kulturzentren in Europa (Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2002); Female Inroads into Muslim Communities: Reconstructions of Knowledge, Community, and Communication, (ed. with Tuula Sakaranaho, Social Compass, 2003/1); The Politics of Visibility: Young Muslims in European public spaces (with Valérie Amiraux, Bielefeld, Transcript Verlag, 2005). Leonard Lewisohn is Research Associate at the Department of Academic Research and Publications, The Institute of Ismaili Studies, London, UK. He is also Iran Heritage Foundation Fellow in Classical Persian and Sufi Literature at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies of the University of Exeter. Lewisohn is a specialist on Sufi literature and Persian language. His major publications are the three-volume single set entitled The Heritage of Sufism (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1999), Beyond Faith and Infidelity: The Sufi Poetry and Teachings of Mahmud Shabistari (London: Curzon Press, 1995), and The Wisdom of Sufism (Oxford: Oneworld, 2001). Jamal Malik is Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Erfurt. He works both on Muslims in South Asia and Europe. Publications include The Colonialization of Islam (New Delhi: Manohar and Lahore: Vanguard, 1996), Islamische Gelehrtenkultur in Nordindien (Leiden: Brill, 1997). He edited Perspectives of mutual encounters in South Asian History 1760–1860 (Leiden: Brill, 2000), Muslims in Europe: From the Margin to the Centre (Münster: LIT, 2004), and Religious Pluralism in South Asia and Europe (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004). Jorgen S. Nielsen is Professor of Islamic Studies, Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations (CSIC), Department of Theology and Religion, University of Birmingham, UK. Current research interests concentrate on the Islamic debate on religious pluralism and relations with the ‘West’. His recent publications include Muslim Networks and Transnational Communities in and Across Europe, (ed. with S. Allievi, Leiden: Brill, 2003), and Muslims in Western Europe (Edinburgh University Press, 3rd edn, 2004). Gisela Webb is Professor of Religious Studies, Seton Hall University, USA. Her publications include ‘Expressions of Islam in America’, ‘Sufism in America’, and ‘Subud’ in America’s Alternative Religions, (ed. T. Miller, SUNY Press, 1995), her anthology, Windows of Faith: Muslim Women Scholar-Activists in the United States (ed. G. Webb, Syracuse University Press, 2000), ‘Themes of Wisdom in Dialogue’ in List of contributors ix Beacon of Light: Essays in Honor of Seyyed Hossein Nasr (ed. M. Faghfoory, Fons Vitae Press, 2003), and ‘Death and Dying in Islam: This Day Your Sight is Made Keen’ in Death and Dying in World Religions (ed. L. Bregman, Pearson Press, 2004). Pnina Werbner is Professor of Social Anthropology at Keele. She is the author of The Manchester Migration Trilogy, which includes ‘The Migration Process’ (Berg, 2002), ‘Imagined Diasporas among Manchester