G.Murgananthan et al. IRJP 2012, 3 (1) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY www.irjponline.com ISSN 2230 – 8407 Review Article ANTIMICROBIAL CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS G.Murgananthan*, Sathya Chethan Pabbithi Department of Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560050 India Article Received on: 06/11/11 Revised on: 18/12/11 Approved for publication: 09/01/12 *Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Research on medicinal plants showed promising constituents for effective treatment and management of various illnesses. Microbes are commonly found everywhere which causes many diseases to the man kind. Antibiotics available in the markets are often reported of microbial resistance. Scientist realized that the effective life span of any Antibiotic is limited hence new sources from plants need be investigated. A multitude of plant compounds as always promised as a Antimicrobial agents. In this article authors made an attempt to review the constituents which showed potential Antimicrobial activity. Key Words: Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antimalarial, Constituents. INTRODUCTION damage cells and tissues that consequently results in the Many infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic symptoms of bacterial disease. Commonly occurring microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and pathogenic bacteria are Neisseria meningitidis, which can multicellular parasites. These diseases are often cause meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can communicable or transmissible diseases, because they can be cause pneumonia, Helicobacter pylori, which can cause transmitted from one person to another. Infectious diseases gastric ulcers, Escherichia coli which can cause food account for about half of the deaths in tropical countries.1 poisoning, Salmonella typhi, which can cause typhoid, and Bacterial diseases are a type of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause skin and other pathogenic bacteria which results when the harmful bacteria infections.2 get into a body, multiply and lash the body’s defensive In the recent years, research on medicinal plants has attracted mechanism. a lot of attentions globally. Large body of evidence has Pathogenic bacteria can enter in the body through various accumulated to demonstrate the promising potential of routes like inhalation through nose and lungs, via food or Medicinal through sexual contact. Once bacteria enter the body, the Plants used in various traditional, complementary and immune system of the body recognizes the bacteria as foreign alternate systems of treatment of human diseases. Plants are intruder and tries to kill or stop them from multiplying. rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as However, even a healthy immune system is not always able tannins terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc, which have to stop the bacteria from reproducing and spreading. As a been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties.3,4. result bacteria succeed in the body and emit toxins which ANTIMICROBIAL CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS Plant Name Plant Part / Extraction Bioactive compounds Biological Activites Ref. Capillipedium parviflorum Infloursence/ Essential Oil 4-undecanone, 4-Undeconol Antimicrobial 5 Achillea Wilhelmsii Whole plant Saponins Antimicrobial 6 Butea monosperma Seeds/hydroalcohol Triterpene Antimicrobial 7 Piper krukoffii Leaves & Twigs / Methanol lignans (-)-kusunokin Larvicidal & Antifungal 8 Origanum vulgare Flower,Leaf & Stem / Essential oil 1,8-Cineole,α-pinene Antibacterial 9 Dipsacus sylvestris Roots / Etanol, Chlorogenic acid Antimicrobial 10 Ethylactate,Dichloromethane Heracleum thomsonii aerial parts Neryl acetate Antimicrobial 11 Salvia verbenaca Fresh leaves & Aerial Parts Carbonilic compounds Antimicrobial 12 Krameria lappacea Roots Proanthocyanidins, lignan Antimicrobial 13 derivatives Hippophae species Petrolium phenolic compounds, Antibacterial 14 ether,chloroform,Methanol flavonoids Acorus calamus Hexane Methyl Isoeugenol Antimicrobial 15 Euryops arabicus Hepper & Wood Caryophyllene oxide, T- Antimicrobial 16 Cadinol Zea mays Aeraial part sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins Antifungal 17 Cymbopogon citratus Leaves Geranial,Neral & Myrcene Antimicrobial 18 Hydrastis Canadensis Whole plant Sideroxylin Antimicrobial 19 Lobelia chinensis Methanol Lobechine, scoparone Anti-Virus 20 Crocus sativus Whole plant lauric acid, hexadecanoic acid Antifungal 21 Feroniella lucida Roots furanocoumarin A Antimalarial & 22 Antituberculosis Ficus mucuso fruits Isoflavone dimer derivatives, Antimalarial 23 mucusisoflavones A-C (1-3) Page 5 G.Murgananthan et al. IRJP 2012, 3 (1) Artocarpus communis Methanol peruvianursenyl acetate C (1), Antibacterial 24 α-amyrenol or viminalol (2) Ferula hermonis Rhizomes & Roots α-pinene Antifungal 25 Larrea nitida Whole plant 3'methyl- Antifungal 26 nordihydroguaiaretic acid Poliomintha longiflora Whole plant Carvacrol & β- Antimicrobial 27 Caryophyllene Oxide Bridelia micrantha Barks / Acetone 1.3-bis (3-phenoxyphenoxy) Antimycobacterium 28 Illicium henryi Whole plant threo-4,9,9'-trihydroxy-3,3'- Anti-HBV 29 dimethoxy-8-O-4'-neolignan 7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside Alpinia pahangensis Leaf & Rhizome / Essential oil γ-selinene Antimicrobial 30 Aframomum sceptrum Rhizomes β-pinene Antimicrobial 31 Lippia species Leaves / Methanol Flavonoids & Terpenoids Antimicrobial 32 Aloe harlana Latex Anthrone & Chromone Antimicrobial 33 Stachys spruneri Aerial part Isobienol Antimicrobial 34 Gypsophila bicolor Flower,Leaf & Stem Bicyclogermacrene, gama- Antimicrobial 35 dodecadienolactone Gnaphlium affine Aerial part/ Essential oil eugenol , linalool Antimicrobial 36 Feronia elephantum Leaves beta-pinene, Z-anethole, Antimicrobial 37 methyl chavicol Thymus aucasicus, Essential oil 1,8-cineol, thymol, beta- Antibacterial 38 T.kotschyanus fenchyl alcohol Kalimeris indica Aerial parts glycerolmonopalmitate, Antimicrobial 39 esculetin, medicagenic acid. Symplocos paniculata Ethanolic β-D-glucopyranoside Antimicrobial 40 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Ethylactate Taxodone Antibacterial 41 Fennel cultivars Fruits Estragole, Fenchone Antimicrobial 42 Leptospermum Species Aerial parts α-pinene, β-pinene Antimicrobial 43 Anthospermum emirnense Essential oil β-elemene, trans-β- Antimicrobial 44 caryophyllene Peperomia obtusifolia Leaves & stems corchoionoside C Antifungal 45 Eucalyptus staigerana Bark 1'-acetoxy-chavicol acetate Antimicrobial 46 (1'ACA) Acorus calamus Leaf / Methanol new compounds Antimalarial 47 Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil beta-myrcene Antibacterial 48 Satureja Montana Essential oil Carvacrol Antimicrobial 49 Centaurea pannonica Aerial parts / Essential oils Spathulenol Antimicrobial 50 Degenia velebitica glucosidic bound leaf Phytol Antimicrobial 51 Allium sphaerocephalon inflorescences shyobunol Antimicrobial 52 Ocimum sanctum Leaves / Aqueous & Hydroalcohol Linalool Antifungal 53 Cleome spinosa Aerial parts sclareol Antimicrobial 54 Pulsatilla albana Flowering parts /Essential oils Menthone Antimicrobial 55 Origanum hypericifolium Aerial part Essential oil Antimicrobial 56 Vitis vinifera Fruits Phytoalexins Antimicrobial 57 Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark (E)-cinnamaldehyde Antimicrobial 58 Klainedoxa gabonensis Stem bark / Methanol betulinic acid Antimicrobial 59 Bupleurum longiradiatum Roots / Essentil oil thymol, butylidene phthalide, Antibacterial 60 5-indolol, heptanal. Rosmarinus officinalis Whole Plant / Essential Oils 1.8-Cineole , camphor Antimicrobial 61 Eucalyptus globulus Fruits / Essential oil Terpenoids aromadendrene & Antimicrobial 62 1,8-cineole Eucalyptus globulus Leaves / Essential oils 1,8-Cineole & 1,4-Cineole Herbicidal 63 Tetradenia riparia Fresh leaves / Essential oils Calyculone & Abietadiene Antimicrobial 64 Hypericum perforatum Perennial herb / Alcoholic Naphthodianthrones & Antiviral & Antimicrobial 65 prenylated phloroglucinols Fungal strain from Pyrethrum Flower Wortamanin Antimicrobial 66 cinerariifolium Fatoua pilosa whole plants Scopoletin & Antimycobacterial 67 isobavachalcone Sedum pallidum Essential oil caryophyllene oxid & Antimicrobial 68 hexahydrofarnesyl acetone Lantana camara Essential oil β-caryophyllene,Zingberene Antibacterial 69 Verbascum antiochium Methanol Antiochium Antimicrobial 70 Melampyrum arvense Aerial part Melampyroside, Aantiprotozoval 71 Mussaenoside & β-sitisterol Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil β-Myrcene & 1,8-cineole Antibacterial 72 Melodorum fruticosum Flowers / Essential oils Phenyl butanone & linalool Antifungal 73 Falcaria vulgaris Flower,Leaf & Stem / Essential oil α-Terpinyl acetate Antibacterial 74 Santiria trimera LeaF / Essential oil α-humulene & β- Antimicrobial 75 caryophyllene Canthium horridum Stem / Essential oil (+)-syringaresinol & Antimicrobial 76 scoparone Senecio argunensis Aerial Parts isodauc-7(14)-en-6α & 10β- Antibacterial 77 diol Page 6 G.Murgananthan et al. IRJP 2012, 3 (1) Mentha arvensis & M. Leaves/ Essential oils Menthol, Menthone & Antimicrobial 78 piperita Piperitenone oxide Tagetes minuta & Aerial Parts / Aqueous & Organic Essential oil Antifungal 79 Amaranthus spinosus Extract Falcaria vulgaris Flower,Leaf & Stem α-Pinene & β-Caryophyllene Antibacterial 80 Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes Shogalol & Gingerol Larvicidal 81 Ocimum basilicum Flowers / Essential oils linalool, 1,8-cineole & Antimicrobial 82 Eugenol. Morinda Royoc Roots/ Dichloromethane Anthraquinones Antimicrobial 83 Clausena harmandiana Root coumarin & α- ferulate Antiplasmodial 84 Nauclea pobeguinii Stembark / Aqueous & 80% EtOH 3-ketoquinovic acid, 3-O-