Information in construction Citation for published version (APA): Pauwels, P., & Petrova, E. (2020). Information in construction. Document license: CC BY Document status and date: Published: 01/01/2020 Document Version: Publisher’s PDF, also known as Version of Record (includes final page, issue and volume numbers) Please check the document version of this publication: • A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers. 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All rights are reserved by the authors, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The authors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. The authors do not give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The authors remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 1 Information in Construction P. Pauwels & E. Petrova 1. Introduction 5 1.1 The origins of Building Information Modelling 5 1.2 What is BIM? 6 1.2.1 BIM vs. 3D vs. 2D 6 1.2.2 BIM as a product vs. BIM as a process 8 1.2.3 Open BIM vs. Closed BIM vs. Little BIM vs. Big BIM 10 1.3 Who needs BIM? 12 1.3.1 Architects 13 Small architectural design offices 13 Big architectural design offices 14 1.3.2 Engineers 14 1.3.3 Contractors 15 1.3.4 Facility Managers, Owners, and Governmental Institutions 16 1.3.5 Product Manufacturers 16 1.3.6 Rail-, Road-, and Waterway companies 18 2. Why BIM? 19 2.1 The technical incentive 19 2.1.1 Visualization 19 2.1.2 Collaboration and coordination 19 2.1.3 Less reworking, remodeling and manual data input 21 2.1.4 Accurate simulation with accurate information 24 2.2 The financial incentive 25 2.2.1 Reasons to adopt BIM: failure cost reduction and efficiency gains 25 2.2.2 Frontloading design effort and cost 26 2.2.3 Quantifying the impact of BIM 28 2.3 Government policies and marketing-oriented incentives 30 2.3.1 The marketing-oriented incentive 30 2.3.2 The governmental push 31 3. BIM adoption and implementation 33 3.1 BIM Adoption and Maturity Levels 33 3.2 BIM implementation 36 3.2.1 BIM implementation plans 36 One Plan for All 36 The company-wide BIM implementation plan 37 The person-specific BIM implementation plan 38 2 Information in Construction P. Pauwels & E. Petrova 3.2.2 Managing Expectations 39 3.2.3 Propagating BIM throughout the company 41 The young technical enthusiast 41 The middle ground mediator 42 The manager 43 3.2.4 Emerging roles 44 3.2.5 Key features of a BIM implementation plan 45 4. Open BIM standards 47 4.1 BuildingSMART International 47 4.1.1 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) 49 4.1.2 Information Delivery Manual (IDM) 52 4.1.3 Model View Definition (MVD) 54 4.1.4 International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD) 58 4.1.5 BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) 61 4.2 ISO/TC59/SC13 63 4.3 CEN/TC442 67 4.3.1 Standardisation in Europe 67 4.3.2 CEN TC on Building Information Modelling 68 4.3.3 Standards 69 5. BIM Reference Guides 72 5.1 Finland: COBIM - Common BIM Requirements 72 5.1.1 COBIM General Part 73 5.1.2 COBIM Management of a BIM project 75 5.2 Denmark: BIPS and Digital Construction (Det Digitale Byggeri) 76 5.3 United Kingdom: BIM Implementation in Levels 78 5.3.1 Government BIM Strategy 78 5.3.2 BS/PAS 1192 Series 82 5.4 Belgium: The Guide to BIM 87 5.4.1 BIM Reference documents: vision, protocol, and plan 87 5.4.2 BIM Protocol 89 5.5 Australasia: NATSPEC National BIM Guide 90 5.5.1 BuildingSMART Australasia 90 5.5.2 NATSPEC 92 5.5.3 NATSPEC Project BIM Brief template 93 5.5.4 NATSPEC BIM Guide 95 3 Information in Construction P. Pauwels & E. Petrova 6. Software market overview 98 6.1 AEC vendors and beyond 98 6.1.1 Autodesk 98 6.1.2 Trimble 99 6.1.3 Nemetschek 100 6.1.4 Dassault Systèmes 100 6.1.5 Bentley 101 6.1.6 Other vendors 101 6.2 No ring to rule them all, no holy grail 102 6.3 Specifics of software (kernel, purpose, scale) 105 6.3.1 Kernel 106 What is a 3D kernel? 106 History of 3D modelling kernels 108 Kernels in the AEC industry 109 6.3.2 Purpose 110 6.3.3 Scale 111 4 Information in Construction P. Pauwels & E. Petrova 1. Introduction 1.1 The origins of Building Information Modelling Building Information Modelling (BIM) has established itself as the preferred technique to model, structure and use building information. Even though the term is considered relatively new, its origins lie within the Building Description System (BDS) proposed by Charles Eastman in 1975 in the article “The use of computers instead of drawings in building design”1. Already at that time, his work shows clear references with what BIM is today, namely a model that resembles the backbone of all information related to the building. Eastman proposes a Building Description System (BDS) with the following main features, which have also been recognised as the key features of BIM: - Models instead of drawings - Database-oriented - For visual and quantitative analyses The focus on models proposed and put forward by Eastman started a research era in the 1980s that focused on Building Product Models (BPM) in the United States, and similarly on Product Information Models (PIM) in Europe. From that moment onwards, a long research and development (R&D) track on PIMs and BPMs was initiated (Figure 1.1). This track focused heavily on building data and models stored in databases. The main goal of these R&D efforts was not software development by itself, but rather data handling, database oriented systems and changing the way in which Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry professionals work. The concept of Building Information Modelling emerged around late 1990s- beginning of 2000. This is also the moment when some of the most seminal publications about BIM emerged, including Eastman’s “Building Product Models: Computer Environments Supporting Design and Construction” from 19992, and the first edition of “The BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors” by Eastman et al. (2008)3. That lead to the commercialisation of the term and created ‘hype’, boosted continuously by software vendors actively promoting the use of BIM and BIM software. The focus then shifted to the software, rather than data handling or the change in the way in which we work. Nowadays, in the end of the 2010s, focus is slowly shifting back to overall information management strategies, data handling and exchange methods and BIM- based workflows in general. 1 C.M. Eastman. The use of computers instead of drawings in building design. AIA Journal 63 (3), pp. 46-50, 1975. 2 C. Eastman. Building Product Models: Computer Environments Supporting Design and Construction, 1999, CRC Press, Inc.