Contents Foreword by H. E. Borys Tarasyuk, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 9 Preface 13 Abbreviations 15 INTRODUCTION In-between Russia and the West? 19 The Principles of Foreign and Security Policy 21 Aspects of Ukrainian Foreign and Security Policy 23 PART 1 THE DOMESTIC DIMENSION Chapter 1 The Premises of Ukrainian Foreign and Security Policy By Olga Alexandrova 31 Foreign and Security Policy Principles 32 National Interests 39 Regional Security Interests 42 The European and Euro-Atlantic Dimension 46 Conclusion 50 Chapter 2 Slawophiles versus Westernizers: Foreign Policy Orientations in Ukraine By Taras Kuzo 53 The Domestic Sources of Ukrainian Security Policies 56 Westernizers versus Slavophiles 62 Conclusion 72 Chapter 3 Foreign and Security Policy Views of Relevant Ukrainian Political Forces By Aleksandr Parfionov 75 Historic Background 75 Foreign and Security Policy as Presented in Party Documents 81 Conclusion 92 Chapter 4 Ukraine’s Defense Sector in Transition: Impacts on Foreign and Security Policy By Anatolii Grytsenko 95 The Soviet Legacy and Problems of the Defense Reform 96 Military and Society: Political Dimensions of the Defense Reform 108 Conclusion 119 PART 2 UKRAINE’S PLACE IN EUROPE Chapter 5 After Yugoslavia: Whither Ukraine? By James Sherr 123 The Premises of Ukraine’s Foreign Policy 124 Incentives and Improvements 126 Constraints and Perils 129 Implications of the Conflict with Yugoslavia 138 Chapter 6 The NATO-Ukraine Partnership: Problems, Achievements and Perspectives By Oleksandr Potekhin 145 Ukraine Facing Eastern Enlargement 145 The State Program for Cooperation with NATO 150 Ukraine-NATO Relations and Domestic Politics 157 Will Ukraine Become a NATO Member? 162 Chapter 7 The European Union and Ukraine: Interests and Strategies By Iris Kempe 167 Introduction 167 The Ukrainian Interests 169 The Interests of the European Union 175 Long Term Goals and Approaches 178 Conclusion 184 6 Chapter 8 The Ukrainian-Polish Strategic Partnership and Central European Geopolitics By Oleksandr Pavliuk 185 A Promising Start 185 Stalled Momentum 190 Reinvigoration of Cooperation 194 Towards a Strategic Partnership 197 Current Challenges 201 Future Prospects 206 Chapter 9 Ukraine in the Black Sea and Caspian Regions By Aleksandr Levchenko 213 The Economic Dimension 214 The Foreign Policy Dimension 219 The Security Dimension 223 Confidence Measures in the Black Sea Region 229 Conclusion 232 PART 3 UKRAINIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS Chapter 10 Ukraine and Russia: Strategic Partnership vs. Mutual Dependence By Ivana Klympush 237 Introduction 237 The Black Sea Fleet Agreement 238 The “Big Treaty” 245 Remaining Disputable Issues 248 Conclusion 254 7 Chapter 11 Ukraine and Russia: A Chronic Crisis By Akadiy Moshes 257 A Confidence Crisis 258 An Inadequate Economic Mechanism 266 New Controversies 273 Conclusion 278 Chapter 12 Economic Aspects of Ukrainian-Russian Relations By Hermann Clement 281 The Junior Partner in Economic Relations 281 The Challenge of Reducing Economic Dependence 286 Exogenous Factors of Low Competitiveness 291 The Impact of the Energy Problem for Bilateral Relations 296 Conclusion 301 Chapter 13 Regional Identity and Interests: The Case of Eastern Ukraine By Hryhorii Nemyria 303 Introduction: “Regionalism” in Ukraine? 303 Old and New Regional Elites 309 Regional Identities and Foreign Policy 316 Conclusion: Patterns of Center-Region Relations 321 CONCLUSIONS Bilateral relations with Russia 327 Ukraine’s Place in Europe 331 Domestic Challenges 336 Interests and Challenges of the West 341 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Published Sources 347 Monographs and Articles 348 About the Authors 355 8 Foreword by H. E. Borys Tarasyuk, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine The last decade of the 20th century has witnessed radical changes in the European political and geographic landscape, which resulted in the disintegration of the bipolar European security system formed during the post-war period. A great number of new countries have appeared on the “old continent”. For many reasons, these countries had been deprived of their own statehood and, accordingly, of possibilities to defend their national interests and implement their own foreign policies. Ukraine, too, is among these states located in the center of Europe. It is not surprising that the revival of the independent Ukrainian state, its ancient and splendid history, the current process of state-building and consolidation within the great family of European nations and its foreign political orientation, as well as its strategy in the area of secu- rity, are of great interest to researchers in Europe and the whole world. Presently, there is a great deficit of objective publications on Ukraine, most importantly of monographs, especially on topics as specific as the state foreign and security policy. This is why we greatly appreciate every work of this nature, every interesting research and analysis. I would like to use this opportunity to express my gratitude to the editors of this publication, Prof. Dr. K. R. Spillmann, Prof. Dr. A. Wenger and Dr. D. Muller of the Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research in Zurich, and to all who made the publication possible for this significant contribution to an unprejudiced promotion of information about the Ukrainian state and the main aspects of its foreign policy. 9 Today Ukraine has already gained a considerable reputation on the international stage owing to its consistent, deliberate and reliable for- eign policy, to its independent view on key issues of European security, to its skills in finding solutions of compromise to problems in its relationship with other states. Integration into the European and Euro- Atlantic structures and strengthening of our country’s position within the family of European nations, with whom we share common histori- cal and cultural traditions, as well as values and views on the future of the continent, remain the consistent orientation of Ukraine. Some scholars who study the process of state-building in Ukraine mistakenly consider in their calculations the year of 1991 to be the originating point of the existence of the Ukrainian state. In this respect I would like to draw attention to the fact that Ukraine has covered a difficult, in many respects untraditional, way to obtaining its statehood. On this path there were significant stages which were closely linked with each other: the state of the Kievan Rus in the 9th-13th century, the Galician-Volhynian Kingdom in the 12th-14th century, the Cossack’s state and the Hetmanate in the 16th-18th century, the Ukrainian National Republic, the Hetmanite Ukrainian state, and the Western-Ukrainian National Republic in 1917-1920, and last of all the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Even before the revival of independence, Ukraine played its role in international life. One of the founders of the United Nations Organization, Ukraine fully participated in the activities of this universal international organization, received and commissioned high- level delegations, signed agreements, and hence was a subject of international relations. The revival of independent Ukraine was a logical result of state- building efforts through many centuries, the unbreakable striving of the Ukrainian people to freedom and establishment of their own state. This is why the main tasks of Ukraine’s foreign policy – which are of great importance to its national security – are to preserve state independence, to assure its stable development and prosperity, together with full and equal integration into the European and worldwide community. 10 Our people have the will and potential to reach this goal, and we count on the understanding and support of the world. Publications like the present book will contribute to this process, and I am honored to recommend it to readers who are not indifferent to the present and future of Ukraine. B. I. Tarasyuk Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 11 Preface Ukraine’s security is an important part of European security. However, eight years after Ukraine became an independent state, few Westerners who are not specialists in international relations or security studies know much more about this country of fifty million people in Central Eastern Europe than the fact that it is a former Soviet republic and has a difficult relationship with Russia. In October 1999, Ukraine will elect its president, a decision highly relevant to the direction of the country’s future foreign and security policy. Meanwhile, for European security policy, 1999 is the year of NATO’s intervention in Kosovo. Against the background of these important developments at both the domestic and international level, this books aims at a timely assessment of Ukraine’s foreign and security policy. This book is a result of an international research and publication proj??ect conducted by the Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, bringing together Western scholars of Ukrainian studies and analysts of relevant Ukrainian institutions to explore key issues of Ukrainian foreign and security policy. The project is part of a broader academic cooperation program with leading research institutes in Ukraine and the Russian Federation. In conducting international research projects, the Center for Security Studies and Conflict Research relies on the many contacts established within the International Relations and Security Network (ISN),1 an Internet-based initiative to promote dialogue and cooperation in secu- rity