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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 The Incorporation of Roussillon into the France of Louis XIV, 1659-1715 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Harold David Stewart, B.A., B.S., M.A. * * + * * The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee Approved By J. C. Rule J. Guilmartin J. Rothney (/ Adviser Department of History For Alison Jelavne La Meva Nena ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank many individuals for their help in bringing this project to completion First, I would like to thank Dr. John Rule, my adviser throughout graduate school, who has been of inestimable assistance. It was he who suggested that I investigate Roussillon, a suggestion I have never regretted. In addition, he has given me much valuable advice, guiding me towards the most useful archives in Paris, suggesting strategies for research, and patiently reading countless revisions of my evolving dissertation. There have been many other individuals who have contributed in some way to my project. Dr. Hans Keller of Ohio State University was kind enough to discuss medieval Catalan history with me and explained some of the background to my topic. Dr. Richard Rothaus spent several days helping me examine the validity of French claims concerning Roman and Visigothic Roussillon. Mr. Sanford Zale clarified several questions of orthography and translation which were quite puzzling. In France, I should like to commend the staff of the Archives Departementales des Pyrenees-Orientales, the Musee Catalan des A rts et Traditions Populaires, both in Perpignan, and the Service Historiqne du A mice de Terre at Vincennes. They were always friendly and helpful, even when I was not always sure of what I wanted. Finally, I owe a debt of gratitude to my friends and family who have provided me with moral and emotional support during my studies at Ohio State. They provided distractions, listened to my complaints, and often cooked my meals. Without them I would not have succeeded. My deepest thanks are for my wife and daughter, who tolerated more than anyone in the past six years. IV VITA 14 May 1965 ............................................................................... Bom - Bethesda, Maryland 1983 ........................................................................................................................ B.A., History Eastern Nazarene College Quincy, Massachusetts 1983 B.S., Chemistry Eastern Nazarene College Quincy, Massachusetts 1989 ...........................................................................................................................M.A., History Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Publications "Compilation and Reported Biological Effects Data and Ultrasound Exposure Levels," Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 13 (March/April 1985): 167-186. Fields of Study: Major Field: History Studies in Early Modem European History Early Modem Military History Colonial Latin American History TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ........................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii V i t a ..................................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. ix Preface ............................................................................................................................................. x Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... xiv Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter I: Background to French Roussillon ................................................................... 21 The Region of Roussillon ..............................................................................................21 Traditional Catalan Rights and Privileges ........................................................... 28 The Catalan Revolt of 1640 ................................................................................... 28 French Claims to Sovereignty ................................................................................ 40 French Goals in Roussillon ..................................................................................... 45 Chapter II: French Efforts to Achieve Their Goals ...................................................... 48 Political and Administrative Reforms ................................................................ 51 The Role of the Local Elites ................................................................................... 78 Economic Policies ...................................................................................................... 82 Military Policies ........................................................................................................ 88 Chapter III: Religious and Cultural Efforts ...................................................................... 97 Religious Policies ...................................................................................................... 97 Cultural Policies ...................................................................................................... 113 Chapter IV: Resistance ......................................................................................................... 135 Motivation for Resistance ...................................................................................... 135 Sources of Resistance ........................................................................................... 156 VI Chapter V: Rebellion, Conspiracy, and Espionage .......................................... 162 The Assassination of Don Emanuel de Sant-Dionis ..................................... 163 Revolt of the A n g e la s ........................................................................................... 169 The Conspiracies of 1674 ............................................................... 198 Individual Acts of Resistance ............................................................................. 205 Chapter VI: Other Forms of Resistance to French R u le ........................................... 211 Emigration ................................................................................................................ 212 The C le rg y................................................................................................................ 213 P e a sa n ts ..................................................................................................................... 229 Political Resistance ................................................................................................ 233 University ................................................................................................................ 239 Chapter VII: French Success and Failure ...................................................................... 244 The Acceptance of French Rule ........................................................................ 244 Reasons for the Success of Political Assimilation ........................................ 249 The Failure of Acculturation ................................................................................ 262 A