“DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES ANNALS OF “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING VOLUME XVII No.1/2018 1 This journal is included in IDB SCIPIO CEEOL ICI Journals Master List 2017 http://analeflls.ucdc.ro [email protected] ISSN 2065 - 0868 ISSN-L 2065 - 0868 Each author is responsible for the originality of his article and the fact that it has not been previously published. 2 “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES ANNALS OF “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY LINGUISTICS, LITERATURE AND METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING VOLUME XVII No.1/2018 3 “DIMITRIE CANTEMIR” CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY BOARD Momcilo Luburici President Corina Adriana Dumitrescu President of the Senate Cristiana Cristureanu Rector Georgeta Ilie Vice-Rector for Scientific Research EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Florentina Alexandru Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Nicolae Dobrisan Corresponding Member of Cairo Arabic Language Academy and of The Syrian Science Academy Damascus Mary Koutsoudaki University of Athens Greg Kucich Notre Dame University Dana Lascu University of Richmond Ramona Mihaila Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Emma Morita Kindai University Efstratia Oktapoda Sorbonne, Paris IV University Julieta Paulesc Arizona State University Elena Prus Free International University of Moldova Marius Sala Romanian Academy Silvia Tita University of Michigan Irina Mihai-Vainovski Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Estelle Variot Aix en Provence University Paolo Villani Universita degli Studi di Catania Alain Vuillemin Artois University and Paris-Est University EDITORS IN CHIEF Angela-Oana Drăgan Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University Magdalena Ciubăncan Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University GUEST EDITORS Irina Holca Kyoto University Roman Paşca Kanda University of International Studies Carmen Tămaş University of Hyogo EDITORIAL ASSISTANT Dana Capriceru 4 CONTENTS PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE JAPAN: PRE-MODERN, MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY. A RETURN TRIP FROM THE EAST TO THE WEST. LEARNING IN, ABOUT AND FROM JAPAN 4-6 September 2017 I. LITERATURE The Actual Conditions of the Imphal Operations and the Novel Youth and Mud by Hino Ashihei ...................................................... 9 Chikako Masuda II. JAPANESE FESTIVALS Uchimashô - Fieldnotes on Tenjin Matsuri ............................................ 21 Carmen Săpunaru Tămaș III. VISUAL ARTS, AESTHETICS Esoteric Iconography as Curiosum An Overview of Japanese Buddhist Art Displays with a Specific Example ............................. 41 Mónika Kiss The Influence of the English Landscape Garden on the Meiji Stroll Garden: between Fact and Speculation ................................ 61 Oana Loredana Scoruș IV. EAST AND WEST UNESCO’s Humanity of Hope - The Orient Catalogue and the Story of the East ............................................................................... 81 Miia Huttunen 5 Japan meets the West: new documents about the first Japanese Embassy to Italy (1585) ................................................................. 104 Carlo Pelliccia V. ETHNOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTARY Deceiving ‘Primitivism’. Ainu people in 1910s Travelogues ................ 127 Marcos Centano VI. SUBCULTURE Subculture and Social Movement in the LGBT Boom: Constructing a Framework for Analysis ....................................... 145 Ioana Fotache 6 I. LITERATURE 7 8 The Actual Conditions of the Imphal Operations and the Novel Youth and Mud by Hino Ashihei1 Chikako Masuda2 Abstract: Thirty-nine-year-old Hino Ashihei volunteered for the Imphal operations conducted by the Japanese army during the Second World War, and served as an army press crew member. The Imphal operations were the operations that aimed to capture the city of Imphal, which was the base of the Allied Forces in north-eastern India, in order to cut the Allied lines of transportation. Three divisions, 烈 the ‘Furious Division’ (the 31st infantry division), 祭 the ‘Festival Division’ (15th infantry division) and 弓 the ‘Bow Division’ (33rd infantry division) were formed under Lieutenant- General Mutaguchi Ren’ya, the commander of the 15th Army, and the operations were carried out from the 8th of March to the 3rd of July, 1944. The operations did not lead to the capture of Imphal, and, as the war dragged on, the Japanese army ran short of food and other supplies, had many victims and was finally defeated. Hino left six pocket notebooks on the operations, called Army Service Notebooks. As he took part in the actions of the ‘Bow Division’, many people who belonged to it, as well as the actual conditions are described in these notebooks. After the war, Hino wrot the novel Youth and Mud based on his pocket notebooks. In this paper I will discuss the actual conditions of the Imphal War and the novel Youth and Mud. Keywords: Hino Ashihei, Imphal operations, Army Service Notebooks, Imphal War, ‘Bow Division’, Youth and Mud 1. Hino Ashihei and the War Hino Ashihei (1907~1960) is the writer who served in the war for the longest period of time among Japanese modern writers. His service in the war started with (1) Hangzhou bay landing operations; he served mainly as an army press crew member in many other conflicts such as (2) Xuzhou battle, (3) Kwantung operations, (4) Hainan Island operations, (5) Swatow operations, (6) Yichang operations, (7) Bataan operations, and, from 1944, (8) the Imphal operations and Yunnan- 1 Based on prof. Masuda’s keynote speech. 2 Kansai University 9 Hukawng operations. Of all the military conflicts Hino took part in, this paper will focus on the Imphal operations. 2. The Path to the Imphal Operations The operations of the Japanese army for the invasion of Burma started on December 8, 1941. Rangoon, the capital of Burma, was occupied in early March the next year3, and the operations “ceased at the end of May, Shōwa 17, with great success”4. Having occupied Burma, the Japanese army was temporarily in advantage. In order to regain Burma from the Japanese army, "from 1943 to 1944, the Allied Force gradually expanded its military power and shifted to a counter-offensive towards Burma."5 3. The Outline of Imphal Operations On the one hand, Lieutenant-General Mutaguchi Ren’ya, the commander of the 15th Army devised a new strategy that would overcome Burma front line deadlock. His plan was to destroy Imphal, the base of the Allied Forces, and he submitted a report to the Imperial General Headquarters about his intentions. In response, on the 7th of January 1944, the Imperial Headquarters issued an order to open the Imphal operations, which aimed at capturing Imphal in Northeast India, with the purpose of breaking the transportation route of the Allied Forces; they "expected dominance of the battle by a surprise attack"6. The orders during the operations were transmitted from the Imperial General Headquarters to the South Army, from the South army to Lieutenant-General Kawabe Masakazu of Burma Area Army, and from Kawabe to Lieutenant-General Mutaguchi of the 15th Army7. In the 15th Army three divisions were formed: 烈 the ‘Furious Division’ (the 31st infantry division), 祭 the ‘Festival Division’ (15th infantry division) and 弓 the ‘Bow Division’ (33rd infantry division). The ‘Furious Division’ had to go to Imphal via north Kohima, the ‘Festival Division’ through the central area, and the ‘Bow Division’ was supposed to cross the Arakan mountain range from the south. The battle started on March 8, 1944 and continued until July 3rd. The Imphal operations were reckless, giving little importance to the supply route. They caused starvation, many injuries and deaths, leading to a historical defeat. Given the miserable result, they were even called the ‘death operations’. 3 陸戦史研究普及会編『ビルマ侵攻作戦』(昭和 44 年７月 20 日、原書房) 4 陸戦史研究普及会編『インパール作戦 上巻』(昭和 44 年 11 月５日、原書房) 5 『戦史叢書インパール作戦』(昭和 43 年４月 25 日、朝雲新聞社) 6 山本武利『特務機関の謀略 諜報とインパール作戦』(昭和年 12 月１日、吉川弘文館) 7 磯部卓男『インパール作戦』(昭和 59 年６月 15 日、磯部企画) 10 Mutaguchi intended to have the operations finished “before the Emperor’s Birthday 天長節 (April 29)”8, and in the beginning he did not plan to continue the war later than May, when the rainy season would come9. Therefore, he had almost no ammunition or food for his soldiers. Yet, he did not stop the war, in spite of having no less than 36245 men10 starved to death, injured or missing. Moreover, in an unprecedented situation, the commanders of the three divisions, Lieutenant-General Satō Kōtoku of the ‘Furious Division’ (the 31st infantry division), Lieutenant-General Yamauchi Masafumi of the ‘Festival Division’ (the 15th infantry division) and Lieutenant-General Yanagita Genzō of the ‘Bow Division’ (the 33rd infantry division) were dismissed. In the ‘Bow Division’ Lieutenant-General Tanaka Nobuo replaced Lieutenant- General Yanagita Genzō. 4. Hino Ashihei’s Service in the Imphal Operations Hino Ashihei participated in this battle as an army press crewmember. There are a total of eight pocket notebooks in Hino’s Army Service Notebooks, comprising the period from April 25 to September 7. An entire picture of the Imphal operations and the Yunnan-Hukawng battle that Hino participated in after the Imphal battle is recorded in these pocket notebooks. In this paper, the discussion will be centred mainly on the six volumes depicting the Imphal operations. 5. he Imphal operations as Described in Army Service Notebooks Mukai Junkichi, who served in the Imphal operations with Hino, completely exhausted by starvation