EDISON Deliverable 1.1 WP1.1 Electric Vehicle Technology ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN A DISTRIBUTED AND INTEGRATED MARKET USING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND OPEN NETWORKS REPORT: WP1.1 ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Type: Deliverable Identifier: D1.1.1 Classification: External report Version: 1.0 Editors: Anders Holm Foosnæs (DEA) Date: November 2, 2010 © Copyright EDISON Consortium. 2009. All Rights Reserved Page 1 of 44 EDISON Deliverable 1.1 WP1.1 Electric Vehicle Technology CONTENT 1 disclaimer ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2 Electrical vehicles.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 overview of expected cars ................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 energy consumption .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Comment to energy consumption..................................................................................................................................... 5 2.4 Expected battery storage capacities.................................................................................................................................. 7 2.5 the global market............................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Scenarios for number of EVs in the Danish market ........................................................................................................... 8 3 Batteries ................................................................................................................................................................................. 9 3.1 Basic properties of different chemistries......................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Components in a cell (section from electropaedia)......................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Volumetric and gravimetric energy storage capacity ...................................................................................................... 16 3.4 From chemicals to cell to battery pack............................................................................................................................ 19 3.5 Cycle- and calendar life.................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Available power as a function of state of charge............................................................................................................. 22 3.7 Nano technology impact on battery technology............................................................................................................. 22 3.8 Price level......................................................................................................................................................................... 23 3.9 Li-ion battery market ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.10 global reserves of Lithium carbonate.......................................................................................................................... 25 3.11 Super capacitors.......................................................................................................................................................... 27 4 Battery management systems.............................................................................................................................................. 28 5 Charge equipment................................................................................................................................................................ 28 5.1 Criteria for a good charger............................................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Types of chargers............................................................................................................................................................. 29 5.3 Price level......................................................................................................................................................................... 30 6 Charging infrastructure......................................................................................................................................................... 30 6.1 national boundary conditions.......................................................................................................................................... 30 6.2 Which standards apply .................................................................................................................................................... 31 6.3 safety ............................................................................................................................................................................... 34 7 Electrical motors................................................................................................................................................................... 35 8 Communication interface..................................................................................................................................................... 37 8.1 Which standards are under development ....................................................................................................................... 37 8.2 What needs to be communicated ................................................................................................................................... 37 appendix 1 – Status on ev production ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Appendix 2 - Status on standardisation work related to EV infrastructure ................................................................................... 40 © Copyright EDISON Consortium. 2009. All Rights Reserved Page 2 of 44 EDISON Deliverable 1.1 WP1.1 Electric Vehicle Technology 1 DISCLAIMER This is the report from work package 1.1 of the EDISON project. The work has been carried out as a combination of literature studies, surveys involving key industry personnel and contributions from own participation in international working groups. The short description of the EDISON project is “Electric vehicle meets grid”. The EDISON project develops the technical solutions that facilitates larger shares of renewable energy in the power system, and at the same time makes sure that distribution grids are not over loaded. Open standards and information- & communication technology are key topics in the project. The focus of this report has been to gather information on EV technology which is relevant for the other work packages in the EDISON consortium. Hence, the report deals with EV topics which are relevant for the power system. 2 ELECTRICAL VEHICLES A wide range of car manufacturers have started EV development programs. The products range from electric scooters and quadra cycles to high performance sports cars and medium sized lorries. 2.1 OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED CARS In appendix 1 several links to overviews of EVs that are on the Danish and international market today and future EVs can be found. 2.2 ENERGY CONSUMPTION In March 2009 Energinet.dk and the regional transmission companies made a report on the future transmission grid in Denmark 1. The assumptions for the work can be found in the appendix to the report. In appendix, it can be seen that the analysis uses 135 Wh/km for EVs. This figure is a compromise between the energy consumption of an old Citroën Saxo EV (175 Wh/km) and the figure (100 Wh/km) that was used in the Danish contribution to the European RES-directive. When measuring energy consumption or fuel consumption of conventional combustion engines, it is not normal to include the energy consumption of the gasoline station. However when addressing the impact on the electricity grid from EVs it is © Copyright EDISON Consortium. 2009. All Rights Reserved Page 3 of 44 EDISON Deliverable 1.1 WP1.1 Electric Vehicle Technology necessary to include the energy loss in the charger to see the total load on the system. The figure below show typical values of the energy efficiency of different components in the EV. 150 Wh/km 135 Wh/km 124 Wh/km 119 Wh/km 109 Wh/km Charger Battery DC/AC inverter Electric motor Efficiency: 90 % Efficiency: 92 % Efficiency: 96 % Efficiency: 91 % Figure 1. Efficiency of EV components, 2 WP1.1 recommends that an average EV energy consumption of 150 Wh/km is used for network analyses. * Today the average Danish car drives approximately 50 km on an average day. When estimating the amount of energy consumed of electric vehicles different assumptions can be made: Option 1: We are looking into a future where e-mobility has the ability to cover