POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUNJAB 1988-1999 Ph. D. Dissertation By Sajid Mahmood Awan Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan 2008 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the product of my individual research, and it has not been submitted presently to any other university for any other degree. (Sajid Mahmood Awan) Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad I hereby recommend that the dissertation prepared under my supervision by Sajid Mahmood Awan titled “Political Parties and Political Development in the Punjab”, 1988-99, be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman Supervisor Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation submitted by Sajid Mahmood Awan, is of sufficient standard to justify its acceptance by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, for the award of Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman Supervisor External Examiners: 1. ________________________ 2._________________________ CONTENTS List of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations Glossary Acknowledgements INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1.1 HISTORY OF POLITICAL PARTIES 1.2 PARTY SYESTEMS 1.3 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1.4 APPROACHES OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.5.1 Elitist Approach 1.5.2 Marxist Approach 1.5.3 Ideological Approach 1.5.4 Praetorian Approach 1.6 METHODOLOGY Chapter 2 POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUNJAB 1849-1988 2.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE 1849-1947 2.2 POST INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE 1947-1988 Chapter 3 POLITICAL PARTIES IN PUNJAB 1988-1999. 3.1 REGISTRATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES i 3.2 REVIVAL OF THE PARTY POLITICS 3.3 POLITICAL PARTIES IN POLITICS 1988 3.3.1 Party Position in 1988 Elections in Punjab 3.4 POLITICAL PARTIES IN POLITICS 1990 3.4.1 Party Position in 1990 Elections in Punjab 3.5 POLITICAL PARTIES IN POLITICS 1993 3.5.1 Party Position in 1993 Elections in Punjab 3.6 POLITICAL PARTIES IN POLITICS 1997 3.6.1 Party Position in 1997 Elections in Punjab Chapter 4 POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUNJAB 1988-1993 4.1 ISLAMI JAMHURI ITTEHAD (IJI) 4.2 NATIONAL PEOPLES PARTY (NPP) (KHAR GROUP) 4.3 PAKISTAN AWAMI ITTEHAD (PAI) / PAKISTAN PEOPLES ALLIANCE (PPA) 4.4 PAKISTAN DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE (PDA) Chapter 5 POLITICAL PARTIES AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUNJAB 1993-1999 5.1 JAMIAT ULEMA-E-ISLAM (F) 5.2 PAKISTAN ISLAMIC FRONT (PIF) 5.3 MUTAHIDA DEENI MAHAZ (MDM) 5.4 MUSLIM ITTEHAD PAKISTAN (MIP) 5.5 NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC ALLIANCE (NDA) 5.6 PAKISTAN DEMOCRATIC PARTY (PDP) ii 5.7 PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (JUNEJO GROUP) 5.8 PAKISTAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (NAWAZ GROUP) PML (N) 5.9 PAKISTAN PEOPLES PARTY (PPP) FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES iii LIST OF TABLES 2.1: Parties Established Abroad but Working in Punjab 2.2: Parties in Punjab Established within India 2.3: Parties Established within Punjab 2.4: Party Position in the PLC/ PLA, 1923-1947 2.5: Elections in Punjab 1947-1988 2.6: Party Position in the Punjab Legislative Assembly Elections 1951 2.7: Party Position in the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly Elections 1965 2.8: Party Position in the Punjab Legislative Assembly Election 1970 2.9: Party Position in the 1977 Elections in Punjab 3.1: Party Position in the General Election 1988 in Punjab 3.2: Party Position in the General Election 1990 in Punjab 3.5: Total Political Parties in the P.A. Elections in Punjab 4.1: Total Political Parties in the P.A. Elections In Punjab 4.2: Parties Having Seats in the Provincial Assembly of Punjab in 1988, 1990, 1993 and1997 Elections 4.3: IJI’s Position in the General Elections-1997 4.4: NPP (K’s) Position in the 1988 Elections in Punjab 4.5: PAI’s Position in the 1988 Elections in Punjab 4.6: PDA’s Position in the 1993 Elections in Punjab 5.1: JUI’s (F) Position in the 1988, 1990, 1993 and 1997 Elections in Punjab 5.2: PIF’s Position in the 1993 Elections in Punjab 5.3: MDM’s Position in the 1993 Elections in Punjab 5.4: MIP’s Position in the 1997 Elections in Punjab 5.5: NDA’s Position in the 1993 Elections in Punjab 5.6: PDP’s Position in the 1988, 1990 And 1997 Elections In Punjab 5.7: PML (J’s) Position in the 1993 and 1997 Elections in Punjab 5.8: PML (N’s) Position in the 1993 And 1997 Elections in Punjab iv 5.9: PPP’s Position in the 1988, 1990, 1993 and 1997 Elections in Punjab v LIST OF FIGURES 1.1: Political Institutionalisation, political Participation and Political Development 2.1: Political Parties in Punjab 1849-1947 2.2: Communal Distribution of Parties of Punjab 1849-1947 2.3: Parties in Punjab 1947-1977 3.1: Parties Registered to the Election Commission of Pakistan 1986-87 3.2: List of Political Parties Participating in the General Elections 1988 3.3: List of Political Parties Participating in the General Elections 1990 3.4: List of Political Parties Participating in the General Elections 1993 3.5: List of Political Parties Participating in the General Elections 1997 6 INTRODUCTION The present study seems in first instance a study of political parties i.e. stasiology ─ science of political parties (the term was initially coined by Duverger, 1978: 422) but, indeed, is a study of political development. It, in fact, wants to see the role of political parties in the process of political development in Punjab. The period under study is of special significance with a sound rationale of its relevance. This, indeed, is the only period in the political history of the area, when rightful constitutional governments were in action, with a due participation of political parties. The area under study i.e. Punjab, also has a specific significance of its own. Having the longest age of political exercise and a vast experience of modern political institutions especially that of political parties, Punjab stands the pacesetter area, not only for all the rest of provinces of Pakistan but for the centre as well. The problem under research is that politics in modern times is focused on the people for the people and is played by the people. People, in turn, are represented by the political parties. Political Parties, it means, are the most vital element of the political system in determining the direction, nature and level of political development. Whereas, political parties are basically the institution of society, but military and bureaucracy are institutions of the state. In the developing countries, like that of Pakistan, state institutions are strong enough to counter the influence of society and its representative institutions. Or in other words, if the representative institutions of society are weak they will be unable to protect the interests of the society. Natural outcome of 1 this weakness will be domination of the authoritarian institutions of state. This sequentially weakens the political system of the society. Political development fells victim to more complexities in such a complex state of affairs. The present researcher recapitulates this situation as: revival of parliamentary democracy which Pakistan experienced in 1988 after a long dictatorial interregnum could not last long due to the reprehensible functioning of the institutions of the state and the society. He, however, puts main liability on the less effectiveness of the political parties. Had the political parties been playing their due role, they would have never spared the apolitical forces to take over. With this premise the study wants to address certain questions. That what was the due role of political parties? Did the political parties play there due role, if yes, how much? Was there any disparity in the conduct of political parties vis-à-vis the apolitical forces, if yes, what its nature was? Why the political parties failed to counter the apolitical forces to preserve the sanctity of their political system and in a way of their own? In order to address these questions the present study is divided in to five different chapters followed by the findings and conclusions. The first chapter is referring to the theoretical considerations of the phenomena of political development along with the operationalisation of the principle concepts used in this study. After discussing definitional aspects of the concept of political parties it has dealt with the history of the 2 artefact of political parties at length. It is followed by the narration of different types of party systems prevalent in the world around. Then the researcher has explored the range of the theory of political development to draw a model of analyses for the present study. An extensive literature survey of all the interrelated concepts of political development, politics of Punjab and that of the political parties has unfolded a variety of dimensions exposed by the previous researchers. The second chapter presents simply a historical review of the experiences of political development and of political parties in the light of modern experiment of the Westminster model of representative polity. This chapter is divided in to two parts. First half of the chapter is dealing with the pre-independence experience of political parties and their role in the process of political development in the province of Punjab. Studying the nature of all the political parties in action during the said period the study explores that three different political doctrines were in action. These contending doctrines include ‘Chankian Politics’, ‘Machiavellian Politics’ and the ‘Muslim Politics’.