GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN § 2. Methods of testing................................................23 ALFRED C. LANE, STATE GEOLOGIST § 3. Sampling. .............................................................24 § 4. Determination of moisture....................................24 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MICHIGAN § 5. Determination of ash............................................25 LOWER PENINSULA § 6. Determination of sulphur......................................26 1900-1903 § 7. Ultimate analysis. .................................................27 VOL. VIII § 8. Proximate Analysis—volatile combustible. ..........27 PART II § 9. Nature of the volatile combustible or gas.............28 COAL OF MICHIGAN § 10. Coke...................................................................28 ITS MODE OF OCCURRENCE AND QUALITY § 11. Heating power—practical test. ...........................29 Lansing Water-Works Tests .................................. 31 BY § 12. Heating power by Calorimeter. ..........................32 ALFRED C. LANE Willcox’s tests ........................................................ 34 ACCOMPANIED BY NINE PLATES AND NINE FIGURES § 13. Heating power by reducing power. Berthier's INCLUDING ONE COLORED MAP method. ........................................................................35 § 14. Heating power computed from ultimate analysis.36 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LAWS OF MICHIGAN § 15. Heating power computed from proximate UNDER THE DIRECTION OF analysis. .......................................................................37 THE BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY § 16. Analyses and samples described. .....................39 LANSING Tables of analyses................................................. 47 ROBERT SMITH PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS § 17. Conclusions........................................................49 1902 CHAPTER V. THE EROSION AND DISTURBANCE OF Entered, according to Act of Congress in the year 1902, by COAL...............................................................................49 GOVERNOR A. T. BLISS for the State of Michigan, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, § 1. Recent channels. .................................................49 Washington. § 2. Drift filled channels...............................................50 § 3. Sandstone channels.............................................50 Contents § 4. Faults or displacements. ......................................51 § 5. Veins. ...................................................................51 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. ....................................... 3 a. Clay-filled veins, clay seams," "mud seams".... 51 § 1. Object and history of this report. ........................... 3 b. Spar veins......................................................... 52 § 2. Comparative development in other states............. 3 c. Sulphur partings................................................ 52 § 3. Authorities for Michigan......................................... 4 § 6. Horsebacks or bars..............................................52 § 4. Role of the man who wants an option. .................. 4 CHAPTER VI. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COAL. ..........52 CHAPTER II. ORIGIN OF COAL..................................... 5 § 1. Peculiarities of occurrence as affecting § 1. From vegetation..................................................... 5 development.................................................................52 § 2. Kuntze's classification of theories of coal § 2. Principles to guide explorations. ..........................53 formation........................................................................ 5 § 3. Methods of testing and developing. .....................53 § 3. Theories of Lesquereux and others....................... 7 Churn Drills............................................................ 53 § 4. Practical bearing of different theories.................... 7 Rotary Drills. .......................................................... 54 Sinking Shafts........................................................ 54 § 5. Probable formation of Michigan coal..................... 8 § 4. Incidental development and information. .............54 CHAPTER III. OCCURRENCE OF COAL....................... 8 Role of the Geological Survey............................... 55 § 1. Structure of coal. ................................................... 8 § 5. Promoter and land owner.....................................55 § 2. Varieties of coal..................................................... 9 § 6. Labor value of coal...............................................56 § 3. Slate partings....................................................... 12 § 7. Scarcity value of coal. ..........................................58 § 4. Character of the roof............................................ 12 § 8. Value of coal royalties..........................................61 § 5. Character of the foot............................................ 12 § 9. Present worth of coal rights and royalties............62 § 6. The Michigan coal basin...................................... 13 Appendix A to Chapter VI...................................... 63 § 7. Minor undulations in the coal measures.............. 15 CHAPTER VII. DEVELOPMENTS AND BORINGS § 8. Variation in coal measures. ................................. 16 ARRANGED BY COUNTIES. .........................................64 § 9. Low position of the Michigan coal seams............ 19 Missaukee ....................................................................64 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSES AND TESTS OF COAL..... 22 Roscommon .................................................................64 § 1. Introduction and acknowledgments..................... 22 Ogemaw.......................................................................64 Volume VIII, Part II – Page 1 of 88 Iosco ............................................................................ 64 Figures Lake............................................................................. 65 Figure 1. Cross section of the Lower Michigan Basin.. .........13 Osceola........................................................................ 65 Clare ............................................................................ 65 Figure 2. Showing shore line oscillations. .............................15 Gladwin........................................................................ 65 Figure 3. Section at Sebewaing shaft....................................15 Arenac ......................................................................... 65 Figure 4. Section at Woodville...............................................16 Newaygo...................................................................... 65 Figure 5. Plan of part of the Porter coal mine........................22 Mecosta ....................................................................... 65 Figure 6. Diagram, illustrating the connection between the Isabella ........................................................................ 66 sulphur and iron .............................................................26 Midland ........................................................................ 66 Figure 7. Cross-section of cartridge for Parr Calorimeter......32 Bay............................................................................... 67 Huron........................................................................... 70 Figure 8. Cross-section of Parr Calorimeter..........................33 Montcalm ..................................................................... 70 Figure 9. Sketch map of Sebewaing Coal Basin ...................70 Gratiot.......................................................................... 70 Saginaw....................................................................... 71 OFFICE OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Tuscola ........................................................................ 77 LANSING, MICHIGAN, July 17, 1901. Sanilac......................................................................... 78 Kent ............................................................................. 78 To the Honorable, the Board of Geological Survey of Michigan: Ionia............................................................................. 78 Clinton.......................................................................... 78 HON. A. T. BLISS. Shiawassee ................................................................. 79 HON. LINCOLN AVERY. HON. DELOS FALL, Secretary. Genesee ...................................................................... 80 Barry ............................................................................ 80 GENTLEMEN—Herewith I transmit as Part II of Vol. VIII, a Eaton ........................................................................... 80 report by myself, containing the results of my examination of the coals of the State in a general way. Ingham......................................................................... 82 Livingston..................................................................... 86 Although it does not pretend to be exhaustive in its Calhoun ....................................................................... 86 description of the wealth of the State in this particular material it seems to me that it may help give some idea Jackson........................................................................ 86 as to the known variations in quality, which is better on the whole than has been reported, may help those who