i EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF JAMA’ARE EMIRATE OF BAUCHI, NORTHERN NIGERIA; 1850 TO 1960 ALIYU AHMED C50F/28555/2014 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JANUARY, 2020 ii DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other institution. Signature:…………………………… Date: ……………………… Name: Aliyu Ahmed. Reg no: C50F/28555/2014. Recommendation This thesis has been submitted for review with our approval as university supervisors. Signature:…………………………… Date: ……………………… Dr. Wafula Peter Wekesa Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies Signature:………………………….. Date…………………….. Dr. Mwangi Owino Susan Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies iii DEDICATION I dedicate this work with lots of respect, love and appreciation to my beloved family, friends and well-wishers. I found encouragement in their support. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am very grateful to all those who advised and helped me towards the completion of this work. I would however like to mention a few specific names: First and foremost, I thank Allah (SWT) for keeping me and enabling me attain this level of training. Secondly, my gratitude goes to the Kenyatta University administration for giving me an opportunity to undertake my Masters studies. My interaction with both human and material resources in the university gave me a lot of knowledge and skills. I would also like to pass my special thanks to my employer for granting me a chance and sponsorship to pursue my Master of Arts degree at Kenyatta University. Also, special thanks go to the late Dr. Danson Esese, Dr. Gimode Edwin, Dr. Pius Kakai, Julius Nabende and Felistus Kinyanjui for their moral and material support. I am also extremely appreciative of the commitment of other personnel of the Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies of Kenyatta University with whom I always consulted for advice concerning my research work. In this respect, my special thanks go to Dr. Edward Kisiangani, Chairman of the Department. I am very grateful to my academic father and mother in Kenya, who are Dr. Peter Wafula Wekesa and Dr. Susan Mwangi Owino. Their mentorship and guardianship meant a lot to me. They greatly facilitated the selection and v reframing of my topic of research and agreed to be my supervisors. I am indebted to them for the advice they gave me and for their active participation and guidance at every step of this study. Also, I would like to appreciate all my respondents who kindly spared their precious time to be interviewed. Particularly, special thanks go to various respondents in the Jama’are Emirate for allowing me to interview them and for directing me to other key respondents. In addition, my special appreciation goes to these institutions in Sokoto Caliphate: Arewa House, National Archive Kaduna and Waziri Junaidu Museum. They rendered a lot of support in the course of compiling this research work. My special thanks also go to my classmates at Kenyatta University for their constant and tireless motivation and for the support given to me at various stages of this work. Catheline Bosibori N., Grace Maina, Damaris Werunga, Irene Soy, Sale Dahuwa, Aliyu M. Malami and Said Umar. I am very grateful to you. I would also want to most sincerely thank my family for their encouragement and support towards the realization of this work. My beloved father Mallam Ahmed Badamasi, my mother Mallama Aisha Adamu, my brothers Abdulmajid, Habibu, Abubakar, Musa, Hassan, and Mansur, and to my dear sisters Hadiza, Rabi, Aisha, Ruqayya, Bilkisu, Hafsa and Zainab. I remain deeply grateful to you. My heartfelt gratitude goes to my dear wife Hassana Zakariyya and our two children, Aisha and Mu’azu. I am profoundly grateful vi for the endless patience and understanding they gave me in the course of pursuing this study. I indeed thank everyone for the prayers and concern shown to me during the compilation of this research work. Alhaji Abdullahi Abubakar (General Manager Maitama Stores Abuja) for his support and encouragement towards the completion of this study. Special thanks also go to my friend Mu’azu Hassan for his encouragement, endless prayers and support of this study. Finally, special thanks go to Honorable Isa Hassan Mohammed (Tafida of Jama’are), member representing Jama’are/Itas-Gadau Federal constituency, for his encouragement, moral and financial support. May Allah (SWT) in His infinite mercy bless all of you. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .............................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. iv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................... xii OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ............................................ xiv GLOSSARY .................................................................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. xviii CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................... 10 1.3 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................... 11 1.4 Research Questions ..................................................................................... 11 1.5 Research Premises ...................................................................................... 12 1.6 Justification and Significance of the Study ................................................ 12 1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study ............................................................. 14 1.8 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework .......................................... 16 1.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 16 1.8.2 Review of Related Literature ................................................................... 16 1.8.3 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 27 1.9 Research Methodology ............................................................................... 29 1.9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 29 1.9.2 Research Design ...................................................................................... 29 viii 1.9.3 Area of the Study ..................................................................................... 29 1.9.4 Target Population .................................................................................... 30 1.9.5 Sampling Technique and Sample Size .................................................... 30 1.9.6 Research Instruments ............................................................................... 31 1.9.7 Data Collection Procedures ..................................................................... 31 1.9.8 Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 32 1.9.9 Data Management and Ethical Issues ...................................................... 32 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................ 33 EMERGENCE AND TRANSFORMATION OF JAMA’ARE EMIRATE TO 1902 ........................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 33 2.2 Migration from Dilara and The Emergence of Jama’are to the Period 190233 2.3 The People and Culture of the Pre-Fulani .................................................. 35 2.4 Relationship Between Gijip-Ta-Kuka People and the Fulani .................... 38 2.5 The Coming of the Fulani People ............................................................... 39 2.6 Motives for the Migration ........................................................................... 40 2.7 The Temporary Settlements of the Fulani Migrants from Dilara: Dawasa, Ganuwa, Katabarwa, ‘Yola .............................................................................. 43 2.8 Boundary Demarcation of the Jama’are Emirate to 1902 .......................... 45 2.9 Reorganization of Villages Into Districts ................................................... 47 2.9.1 Dogonjeji Village Area ............................................................................ 48 2.9.2 Hanafari Village Area .............................................................................. 50 2.9.3 Galdimari Village Area ........................................................................... 52 2.9.4 Jurara Village Area .................................................................................. 53 ix 2.10 The Culture of those Villages and the Hybridization ............................... 55 2.11 Summary