Modelling the kinematics of the cold gas in galaxies using GalAPAGOS Author: Keagan A. W. Blanchette A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright c 2018 by Keagan A. W. Blanchette Abstract Galaxy rotation curves are the primary method of investigation into galaxy kinematics in this work. The University of Manitoba developed software package GalAPAGOS was renovated for optically thin gas, as well as used to generate the galaxy rotation curves. GalAPAGOS uses analytic fitting equations to produce models and describe the galaxy kinematics, as well as the density distribution. GalAPAGOS was applied to both HI and CO observational spectral line cubes to demon- strate that these model rotation curves and density profiles would benefit studies of normal galaxies (e.g. NGC 3198), peculiar galaxies (e.g. NGC 2188), and the centres of ellipticals (e.g. NGC 3665). The family of models generated for each galaxy were able to accurately reproduce the morphology and kinematic characteristics of these galaxies, along with density profiles and rotation curves. We then used the rotation curves to calculate the total dynamical mass inside the radius of the observed gas disk. i Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jayanne English, for all her help, expertise, ideas, and all the skills and knowledge she has taught me. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr. Jason Fiege, for all the computational resources he provided, as well as assistance with the coding of GalAPAGOS and mathe- matical subtleties involved in this project. Thanks to Dr. Martin Bureau for helping to provide me with an opportunity to travel and work at the University of Oxford, as well as providing valuable help and insights, as well as sharing some of the CO data used. Thanks to Dr. Timothy Davis and Kyoko Onishi for providing molecular gas data. Thanks to Dr. Theresa van Vliet Wiegert for her help with the construction of channel maps. Thanks to the astronomy group at the University of Manitoba, including: Dr. Chris O'Dea, Dr. Samar Safi-Harb, Ben, Chelsea, Erica, Kelvin, and Robert. Thanks to Maiko for all the computer support. Thanks to Josh for reading a very early draft of this thesis and giving valuable feed- back. Thank you to all my wonderful family and friends who have been so supportive and helped keep me mostly sane through the course of this project. A special thanks to Auja, who has been there for me, helped with editing, and done anything else she could to help. I would like to acknowledge the V-P Office of Research, Department of Physics & Astron- omy, and the Faculty of Science at the University of Manitoba, as well as the Natural Sci- ences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for financial support. ii Contents Abstract i Acknowledgments ii List of Tables v List of Figures v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview . 1 1.2 Dark Matter . 2 1.3 Inflow and Outflow . 4 1.4 The Core/Cusp Problem . 8 1.5 Global Minimization Techniques . 9 1.6 Ferret . 12 1.7 GalAPAGOS . 13 1.7.1 Pre-initialization Files . 14 1.7.2 Initialization Files . 16 1.7.3 Galaxy Modelling Files . 20 1.7.4 Visualization Files . 20 1.7.5 Branches of the Code . 22 2 Parametric Modelling 25 2.1 Rotation Curves . 25 2.2 Density Profiles . 28 2.3 Twists and Warps . 30 2.4 Radiative Transfer . 35 2.5 Fitness function . 39 3 Data 42 3.1 Artificial Galaxies . 43 iii 3.1.1 Artificial Galaxy Quality . 45 3.2 HI Observational Data . 46 3.2.1 NGC 3198 . 46 3.2.2 NGC 2188 . 48 3.3 Molecular Gas Observational Data . 50 3.3.1 NGC 3665 . 50 4 Analysis: Quality, Techniques, and Error Estimation 52 4.1 Testing GalAPAGOS Using Artificial Galaxies . 52 4.2 Tools for Analyzing Observational Data . 56 4.2.1 NGC 2188 . 57 4.2.2 Determining the Error in Model Parameter Values . 58 5 Results 61 5.1 NGC 3198 . 61 5.2 NGC 2188 . 74 5.3 NGC 3665 . 83 6 Discussion 95 6.1 NGC 3198 . 95 6.2 NGC 2188 . 98 6.3 NGC 3665 . 102 6.4 NGC 1097 . 103 7 Conclusion 105 7.1 State of GalAPAGOS . 105 7.2 Science Results . 106 7.3 Future Work . 108 A Testing of Artificial Galaxies 110 B Computer Information 123 iv Bibliography 124 Glossary 130 List of Tables 1 ConvertCube Mask Parameters . 16 2 GalAPAGOS Parameters . 18 3 Input Artificial Galaxy Parameters. 53 4 NGC 3198 Best-Fit Model Parameters . 63 5 NGC 2188 Best-Fit Model Parameters . 75 6 NGC 3665 Best-Fit Model Parameters . 84 7 NGC 3665 Best-Fit Model Parameters compared to WISDOM . 85 8 NGC 3665 Log Rotation Curve Fit Table . 88 9 Parameter Recovery for Artificial Galaxy with NGC 3198 Parameters, Non-Optically Thin Model with Warp Off and SDM On. 111 10 Parameter Recovery for Artificial Galaxy with NGC 2188 Parameters, Non-Optically Thin Model with Warp On and SDM On. 112 11 Parameter Recovery for Artificial Galaxy with NGC 3198 Parameters, Non-Optically Thin Model with Warp On and no SDMs searched for. 113 12 Intensities for Input Artificial Galaxy and Output Model, NGC3198 Pa- rameters, Warp On, SDM Off . 114 13 Results of Artificial Galaxy Testing without SDMs being searched for . 115 14 Results of Artificial Galaxy Testing with SDMs being searched for . 115 List of Figures 1 Cold Inflow Simulation Example . 5 2 M81 Group- Tidal Tail Example . 6 3 NGC 4330 - Ram Pressure Stripping Example . 7 v 4 NGC 3044 - Superbubble Example . 7 5 GalAPAGOS Flow Chart . 15 6 Example of the Mask used by GalAPAGOS . 17 7 Qubist Dashboard . 23 8 Tree Diagram of GalAPAGOS Versions. 24 9 Mass Decomposition Example . 27 10 Rotation Curve Parametrization . 28 11 Multiple Rotation Curves Example. 29 12 Density Profile Example. 31 13 Modelling Warp Parameters Figure . 35 14 Radio Data Cube . 43 15 NGC 3198 Moment 0 Map . 48 16 NGC 2188 Moment 0 Map . 49 17 NGC 3665 Moment 0 Map . 51 18 Composite Comparison for art3198-d With Noise Using Dimensionless Code 55 19 NGC 2188 Optical Data Disk . 58 20 Determining the Error on Modelling Parameters . 60 21 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Rotation Curves . 64 22 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Density Profiles . 65 23 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Moment 0 Map for Low and High Resolution Data . 66 24 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Moment 0 Map Comparing Two Models . 67 25 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Position-Velocity Diagram For Low and High Resolution Data . 67 26 NGC 3198 Best Fit Models Position-Velocity Diagram Comparing Two Models . 68 27 NGC 3198 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 69 28 NGC 3198 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 70 29 NGC 3198 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 71 vi 30 NGC 3198 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 72 31 NGC 3198 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 73 32 NGC 2188 Best Fit Models Rotation Curves . 74 33 NGC 2188 Best Fit ModelsDensity Profiles . 76 34 NGC 2188 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 78 35 NGC 2188 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 79 36 NGC 2188 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 80 37 NGC 2188 Best Fit Model Moment 0 Map . 81 38 NGC 2188 Best Fit Model Position-Velocity Diagram . 81 39 NGC 2188 Renzogram Figure . 82 40 NGC 3665 Best Fit Models Rotation Curves . 86 41 NGC 3665 Best Fit Models Density Profiles . 87 42 NGC 3665 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 89 43 NGC 3665 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 90 44 NGC 3665 Best Fit Model Channel Map . 91 45 NGC 3665 Best Fit Model Moment 0 Map . 92 46 NGC 3665 Best Fit Model Position-Velocity Diagram . 93 47 NGC 3665 Log Rotation Curve Fitting Example (Y-Intercept 6= 0) . 94 48 NGC 3198 GalAPAGOS Rotation Curve Comparison with Literature . 96 49 NGC 2188 Renzogram Figure (2) . 101 50 Schematic Representation of a \Chimney" . 101 51 NGC 3198 Moment 0 Map . ..