Thistlethwaite: 1 THE MOURNING OF LOST AUTONOMY: A PHILOSOPHICAL AND PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITIQUE ON THE OBJECTIFICATION OF FANTASY Submitted by Max Thistlethwaite In partial fulfilment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Brunel University London Fall 2017 Thistlethwaite: 2 Contents Preface: 5 Introduction: 8 Chapter 1: The Lacanian Toolbox Introduction: 22 The Primary and Absolute Master (Eros & Thanatos): 27 The Secondary Master (Logos): 33 The Tertiary Master (Nomos): 36 Desire, need and demand in relation to fantasy: 40 The Subject is Empirical and Divided in Language: 42 Symbolic, Imaginary and Real: 46 The Mirror Stage and the Object of Self-Consciousness: 50 Cogito: Ergo Sum: 55 Case Example: Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and the Primary Master: 56 Conclusion: 58 Chapter 2: The Fantasy of the Subject and the Development of Early Capitalism (1517 to the Age of Enlightenment) Introduction: 61 Logos, Super-ego and Oedipus: 64 Althusser’s Interpellation: Logos to Nomos: 67 Weber and the economy before 1517: 70 The Nomos & Ethos before 1517: 74 1517 as Postsignifying Deterritorialization – The Black Horse Takes Flight: 81 Calvinism as Reterritorialization: The White Horse Returns: 85 The Continuation of Deterritorialization – The Postsignifying Prophets: 90 Descartes: The First Aufklärer – Logos becomes Nomos: 95 The Enlightenment: 101 Conclusion: 104 Thistlethwaite: 3 Chapter 3: Romanticism Introduction: 105 Rousseau: The Epiphany and First Discourse (1750): 114 Rousseau’s Discourse on Inequality (1755): 121 The Romantic Stance toward Urban Life: 122 The Romantic Sermon on the Importance of Imagination & Childhood: 123 Coleridge’s Imagination: 127 The Romantics as Subjects of Conscience: 133 Winnicott’s True and False Self: 139 Johann Hamann: 145 Hamann’s ‘Socratic Memorabilia’ (1759): 147 Hamann’s Metakritik of Kant (1800): 156 Conclusion: 161 Chapter 4: The Development of Contemporary Capitalism: From Keynes to Hayek Introduction: 166 The Quaternary Master: Agorae: 167 The Quinary Master: Praxis: 173 The Regulation of the Agorae: Keynes to Hayek: 177 The Dangers of Monopolising the Agorae: 180 Foundations of Contemporary Capitalism: Neoliberalism & the Great Recession: 185 Postmodernism as Late Capitalism: 190 Quinary Masters & Meritocratic Society: 198 Ayn Rand’s Objectivism as Merit: 203 Conclusion: 206 Chapter 5: The Concepts of Depression Introduction: 210 The Weltschmerz: 216 Mainstream views toward depression – DSM V: 225 The DSM V Removal of Bereavement Exclusion: 226 Thistlethwaite: 4 Szasz’s Myth of Mental Illness: 230 Cognitive Behavioural Therapy as Amputating Eros: 232 The Neoliberal Self as the Aufklärer Ideal: 237 Ego Management: The desire of the Agorae through Praxis: 238 Cognitivism as Scientism: 244 Psychoanalytic Perspectives: 247 Psychoanalytic Treatment: 257 Conclusion: 261 Chapter 6: The Computerised Ego Introduction: 266 Computationalism & Cognitivism: 268 Dennett, Searle & Neuralism: 271 Axioms: 273 Gödel: 275 Gödel’s Critique of the Principia Mathematica: 277 Gödel on Computation: Gibbs Lecture (1951): 280 Is Mathematics Syntax of Language? (1953): 284 Lacan and Cybernetics: 288 Conclusion: 292 Conclusion: 296 References: 308 Thistlethwaite: 5 Preface What or who is the modern subject? Are people sovereign, filled with passion, creativity, freedom and autonomy; or are we slaves, robots and automatons forever tied to the chains of civilization? It is very common to critique modernity. From the Frankfurt school to Foucault, many seem to have focused primarily on its negative characteristics including the promotion of narcissism and its contribution to alienation and depression. However, this work arose from my general ambivalence toward how society, and ideology, impacts notions of the self or, more importantly, self-consciousness and autonomy. In this work I tried to offer a framework that not only challenges the tenets of a way of conceptualising the human subject by means of extreme objectivity, which is aligned with notions of cognitivism and stems, I argue, from the worldview of Protestantism, but also its antithesis, extreme subjectivity that manifests itself in intense hubris that can present a very real danger to the very foundations of civilization. Thus, the work takes aim at both the consequence of extreme objectivity i.e. nihilism, inherent within some of the tenets of contemporary capitalism, and extreme subjectivity i.e. relativism. This work provides a historical analysis starting with the Protestant Reformation and ending with Contemporary Capitalism. By doing so, I was able to emphasise a new conceptualisation of the master-slave dialectic into a hierarchal structure beginning with the Absolute Master and ending with the Quinary Master vis-à-vis death to work. What I demonstrated, and reinforced, is the notion that human consciousness is a highly complex hybrid of interacting master-slave dynamics that is fuelled by fantasy, structured by the law, is seized upon by the government and the marketplace and finally put to work. However, the essential core of the subject is a radical void that simply punches a Thistlethwaite: 6 hole through the processes of the unconscious, which is swallowed up by the desire of the other i.e. the desire of these given masters. Depression’s genesis I view as the subject yielding too much to the desire of a specific type of societal structure. This reached its peak with the Puritans in England during the 16th and 17th century that aimed to purge any type of transcendent experience, which is characteristic of fantasy and led to widespread misery. On the other hand, the period of Romanticism led to a colossal eruption of the imagination that attempted to bypass established conventions and flooded the world with colour. However, this anarchistic worldview presented an extremely dangerous threat to the very foundation of society and thus had to be brought to heel by an evolved state structure. The overall structure of the work is based on a gradual unfolding of a hierarchical system starting with the very foundations of the subject, through the complexities of ideological influence and ending with the subject under contemporary capitalism. The final two chapters aimed to contemporise the critiques from Romanticism toward the Enlightenment by attacking the tenets of cognitivism as being indicative of a system put forward by thinkers prevalent in the 18th century that abstracted the human condition and tried to objectify the psyche. The scope of the work is large and diverse and hopes to contribute to psychoanalytical and philosophical literature by providing a hierarchical system of the master-slave dialectic in the development of self-consciousness. The work also provides a critique of ideology by highlighting how a certain structure of society can contribute to neurosis by either prohibiting or liberating fantasy. I do not endorse the cliché and wholly hostile view toward capitalism, but support the notion that one should remain ambivalent. That is to say that the work highlights that the free Thistlethwaite: 7 market is indeed innocent but only becomes problematic when it begins to work in collusion with a specific state system. In supporting the argument of Protestantism being closely tied to the development of capitalism, what should be viewed with great precaution is the very definition of what is deemed a beneficial characteristic. This meritocratic worldview is indeed essential to stave off overreach from politics, however, and as Rousseau addressed, the concept of meritocracy can promote a society of selfishness and pride as well as reinforce what I call the standard route via new forms of management, leading to a reduction of autonomy and enhancement of conformity. In attempting to generate this framework, I have utilised multiple philosophical paradigms including ancient Greek, Continental, Romantic, Idealist, Psychoanalysis and more to provide an eclectic approach to this inquiry. What the reader will take away from this project is a unique and new understanding of the individual, how the subject is impacted from engaging with different societal systems and a warning of what can happen if one submits too much to passion or reason. Thistlethwaite: 8 Introduction “I am committing suicide because of my job at France Télécom. This is the only reason. Permanent urgency, overwork, absence of formation, total disorganisation of the enterprise. Management by terror. This has totally disorganised and perturbed me.” (Lebovits, 2010, p. 5) “For a politics of emancipation, the enemy that is to be feared most is not repression at the hands of the established order. It is the interiority of nihilism, and the unbounded cruelty that can come with its emptiness.” (Badiou, 2010, p. 32) It is easier to critique than to create. The critique of capitalism has become a contemporary and in vogue academic cliché. From the May 1968 riots in France, to the Occupy Wall Street protests seen around the world in 2011, criticising capitalism is almost prescribed to those that wish to construct a more ethical future utopia. However, capitalism has not only survived these attacks, but has become more ingrained. Any critique of capitalism is almost always met with a simple but devastating question, ‘What is your alternative’? For some, a return to communism seems like the only solution. The 20th Century can be argued as one consumed within the problem of nihilism and totalitarianism. The totalitarian