ARTICLES: ARCHBISHOP TEMPLE AND VIDA SCUDDER Circulation Office: 6140 Cottage Grove Avenue, Chicago. Editorial and Advertising Office: 931 Tribune Building, New York City Copyright 2020. Archives of the Episcopal Church / DFMS. Permission required for reuse and publication. a. r. Mowbray & Co., Ltd. 28 Margaret St., LONDON, W. 1, I -SK fG r m t t ï D i TX O o S» and 9 High St., Oxford, England. no-325 sixthavenveaiewyorr STAINED GLASS -MURALS ECCLESIASTICAL METAL WORK MOSÀIC-MARBLESTQNE E32 Altar Crosses Vases CÄKVLD WGDD • MLTAL tSzi Candlesticks Chalices Missal Stands Ciboria Processional Crosses Particulars from Vestments MR. PAUL S. BUCK Heaton, Butler & Bayne Distributor 665 Fifth Ave., (Slaaa Artists New York City By appointment to the late KING EDWARD VII. Stained Glass Windows Memorial Brasses, Etc. fc-BELLSS-# » W rite for literature. Address Dept. 28 v Designs and Estimates MeSHANE BELL FOUNDRY, BALTIMORE, MD. Heaton, Butler & Bayne MENEELY BELL CO <N. Y.) 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WV. noted for their superior tonal qualities MANCHESTER ■ 32 VictoriaSt and mechanical reliability Correspondence Solicited- Copyright 2020. Archives of the Episcopal Church / DFMS. Permission required for reuse and publication. Editor Associate Editors Irving P. Johnson Frank E. W ilson George P. A twater Managing Editor THE WITNESS John R. Oliver W illiam B. Spofford Irw in St. J. Tucker A National W eekly of the Episcopal Church Vol. XVI No, 27 FEBRUARY 25, 1932 Five Cents a Copy THE WITNESS is published weekly by the Episcopal Church Publishing Company, 6140 Cottage Grove Avenue, Chicago, Illinois. Tht subscription price is $2.00 a year ; in bundles o f ten or more for sale at the church, the paper selling at five cents, we bill quarterly at thre* cents a copy. Entered as Second Class Matter April 3, 1919, at the postoffice at Chicago, Illinois, under act of March 3, 1879. The N eed of More T hinking By WILLIAM TEMPLE The Archbishop of York H R IST IA N S who are convinced that their faith State should shut a man up for ten years, which it C demands application to international and indus­ would be intolerable that any individual should do. trial affairs must recognise that this enterprise calls Probably what the formula sought to express was for a great deal more hard thinking than has yet something like this: political expediency cannot jus­ been given to it. We are at tify the State in doing what it is morally wrong that a perpetual disadvantage be­ it should do, or, in other words, that ethical consid­ cause those who disagree erations must override considerations of expediency. with us, and regard religious But this does not help us to determine what it is considerations as irrelevant, wrong that the State should do. Moreover, it is have a perfectly clear and hardly possible to exclude all questions of expediency, coherent position, while we as for example, the securing of markets whereby are floundering in confusion. unemployment may be reduced, from the grounds on They reach their clear posi­ which the State’s moral duty is to be determined. tion, as we believe, by ignor­ We need not have great doubt about our ultimate ing one group of facts, as principles; our trouble is with what would once have Physics in its early stages been called the “middle axioms,” by which ultimate reached quite clear positions principles become applicable to actual situations. Let because it had not as yet to us say that the ultimate principle is Goodwill as ex­ take account of such disturb­ pressed in the Golden Rule. There is no difficulty so ing phenomena as those of long as this is universally observed. But what are radio-activity. But in practice it is a very great dis­ we to do when it is not being observed? The whole advantage to have nothing to offer except a well problem of applying our principles to life arises, of grounded protest; men must act either hap-hazard •course, from the fact that we live in a situation or on some principle. If our opponents have a prin­ created by the lack of such application. If all men ciple and we have none, they will be more effective loved their neighbours as themselves, there would than ourselves however thoroughly we demonstrate be no quarrels to adjust. And it cannot be too the insufficiency of their principle. strongly stated that the primary function of religion The difficulty may be illustrated by reference to a is to point men to that far-distant goal. But it can formula often employed to express the view that hardly, after that, refuse to point out where the road religious, or at least ethical, principles should govern starts which leads to that goal from where we are. ' political action, namely, “ What is morally wrong cannot be politically right.” If this means that it OW, if goodwill fails between individuals there cannot be right for the State to do what it is wrong Nare various alternatives? They may arrange for the State to do, it is hardly worth saying. If not to meet, and may in various ways diminish the it means that it cannot be right for the State to do occasions of friction. Even in the extreme case there what it would be wrong for an individual citizen are alternatives. Neither Cato nor Brutus could live to do, it appears to be untrue. For example, it may in the same world with Caesar; Cato killed himself, be right—or at least, we act as if it were—that the Brutus killed Caesar. France finds a serious diffi- Copyright 2020. Archives of the Episcopal Church / DFMS. Permission required for reuse and publication. Page Four T H E WITNESS February 25, 1932 culty in living at peace with Germany. What is her of the one group that is tolerated—the nation. duty? She cannot migrate to the Sahara; she cannot Jacobinism in France issued in the Napoleonic wars, consent to extermination. She wants security as a Communism in Russia is creating an unwholesomely basis for goodwill. Is that wrong? No doubt Good­ exaggerated nationalism in Russia. will is itself the only sure basis for security. But As I am not, in the accepted sense of the word, a how is it to be got? Pacifist, I may illustrate my difficulty from the Paci­ Again, the representatives of the employers and fist controversy. Some pacifists (I do' not say all) of a trade union confront each other in an industrial argue that it must be wrong for a Christian to fight dispute. Both want a settlement, but on each side as a soldier because it is wrong for him to kill his there are considerations still more weighty than that fellow-man. That is an argument from his duty as desire.' If work is continued on existing conditions, an individual to his duty as a member of his nation. only total failure can follow, with disaster for all. I am quite clear in my own mind that the argument If wages are lowered, other wages will follow suit, is invalid. But I am aware that I have no doctrine and a standard of living laboriously established is of the duty of the citizen as such which is anything surrendered. Are those representatives to deal with like so clear and definite as this transferred doctrine each other as if they were detached individuals and of individual morality. not representative at all? The object of this article is to raise questions, not The ethics of group-relationship have not been to answer them. So far as I see my way to an worked out. Idealists have tended to cut . the knot by trying to eliminate all other groups less than the answer, that way lies through the establishment in national community.