Varieties of Islamism: Differences in Political Party Ideology in Democracies Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Nikolaev, Roman Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 01/10/2021 10:32:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621747 1 VARIETIES OF ISLAMISM: DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL PARTY IDEOLOGY IN DEMOCRACIES by Roman Nikolaev _______________________________ Copyright © Roman Nikolaev 2016 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN POLITICAL SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2016 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Roman Nikolaev, titled Varieties of Islamism: Differences in Political Party Ideology in Democracies, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________ Date: August 3, 2016 Paulette Kurzer _______________________________________________ Date: August 3, 2016 Faten Ghosn _______________________________________________ Date: August 3, 2016 Jennifer Cyr Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _______________________________________________ Date: August 3, 2016 Chair of Dissertation: Paulette Kurzer 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: Roman Nikolaev 4 Table of Contents List of Figures..............................................................................................................................7 Abstract........................................................................................................................................8 Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................9 1.1 The Matter of the Focus............................................................................................9 1.2 Democracy and Islamism.........................................................................................10 Chapter 2: Review of the Literature: Concepts and Theories................................................20 2.1 Political Party: Concept, Definition and Operationalization ...............................20 2.2 Moderation of Political Parties................................................................................23 2.3 Concept of Islamism and Its Varieties: A Way to Avoid Confusion ...................30 2.4 Islamist Political Parties, Their Ideologies and Ideological Change....................37 2.5 The Varieties of Islamism: the First Touch ...........................................................44 2.6 Research Design: Hypotheses .................................................................................48 2.7 Main Variables .........................................................................................................52 2.8 Selection of the Case Studies ...................................................................................56 2.9 Limitations ................................................................................................................57 2.10 Findings and Contributions ..................................................................................60 Chapter 3: The Successes and Challenges of Different Faces of Hybrid Islamism: United Development Party (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan) and Prosperity Justice Party (Partai Keadilan Sejahtera).....................................................................................................................64 3.1 Electoral System of Indonesia, and Behavior Created by the Ideological Fragmentation.................................................................................................................64 3.2 Indonesian Voters .....................................................................................................68 3.3 Hybrid Islamism as a Concept.................................................................................72 3.4 United Development Party, Its History and What We Can Learn from It..........73 3.5 Another Facet of Hybrid Islamism: the Case of the Prosperous Justice Party...87 3.6 Discussion: a Comparative Outlook........................................................................99 Chapter 4: The Spirit of Traditionalist Islamism: the Case of the Crescent Star Party (Partai Bulan Bintang)..............................................................................................................104 5 4.1 The Concept of Traditionalist Islamism................................................................104 4.2 Partai Bulan Bintang (Crescent Star Party) as the Case of Traditionalist Islamism..........................................................................................................................108 4.3 Retaining Ideology: Why does PBB Still Adhere to Traditionalist Islamism?..110 4.4 The Aspirations and Failures of PBB....................................................................116 4.5 Discussion: Traditionalist Islamism in Real Life..................................................124 Chapter 5: Neo-Islamist Ways of National Awakening Party (Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa) and (post-Islamism of?) National Mandate Party (Partai Amanat Nasional)......................127 5.1 Neo-Islamism in Comparative Perspective............................................................127 5.2 Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa: A Medley of Neo-Islamism and Nationalism.......130 5.3 Neo-Islamism of PKB..............................................................................................139 5.4 Neo-Islamism of PKB and Its Dependence on Nahdlatul Ulama........................143 5.5 Electoral Performance of PKB...............................................................................144 5.6 Partai Amanat Nasional: En Route to Post-Islamism?........................................147 5.7 PAN's Electoral Performance and Relationship between What the Party Aspires to Be and How It Is Assessed by the Voters...................................................155 5.8 PAN: a Shift to Post-Islamism?..............................................................................158 5.9 Concluding Remarks...............................................................................................163 Chapter 6: Indonesia and the Shadow Cases: a Comparison................................................166 6.1 What Can Shadow Cases Suggest?........................................................................166 6.2 Turkey: A Model Democracy that Failed from Within.......................................167 6.3 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party: an Incomplete Transformation...........................178 6.4 The Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan: The Failure of Democracy.........186 6.5 Discussion: The Shadow Cases and What We Learn from Them......................197 Chapter 7: Concluding Thoughts.............................................................................................200 7.1 Results.......................................................................................................................200 7.2 Implications and Contributions..............................................................................208 7.3 What Is Next?...........................................................................................................210 6 Addendum..................................................................................................................................211 Works Cited................................................................................................................................215 7 List of Figures Figure 1.1: The Spectrum of the Varieties of Islamism.................................................................18 Figure 3.1: Results of Indonesian Local Elections of 2015...........................................................67 Figure 3.2: Electoral Performance of PPP in Comparison............................................................79 Figure 3.3: Electoral performance