‘TransForming Practice’: understanding trans people’s experience of domestic abuse and social care agencies Contents Title Page Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Language and Terminology .............................................................................. 6 1.3 Rationale ........................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Summary of chapters ........................................................................................ 18 1.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 20 Chapter 2: Theorising trans identity, practice and citizenship 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Earlier Understandings and Garfinkel’s contribution ....................................... 22 2.3 Normative understandings ................................................................................ 25 2.4 Contesting the binary: poststructural influences............................................... 27 2.5 Current understandings: queer and feminist perspectives ................................ 33 2.6 Understandings of trans sexuality ..................................................................... 37 2.7 Marginalised communities................................................................................ 39 2.8 Understanding citizenship ................................................................................ 42 2.9 Feminist citizenship .......................................................................................... 43 2.10 Sexual citizenship ............................................................................................. 46 2.11 Trans citizenship ............................................................................................... 48 2.12 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 51 Chapter 3: Understanding domestic abuse and its impact on families 3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 53 3.2 Family life: trans people and changing contexts .............................................. 54 3.3 The home as a safe haven? ............................................................................... 58 3.4 Definitions and measures of domestic abuse .................................................... 59 3.5 Forms of maltreatment and risk factors ............................................................ 62 3.6 Theoretical perspectives on domestic abuse ..................................................... 66 3.7 Family violence perspectives ............................................................................ 73 3.8 The prevalence and impact of domestic abuse ................................................. 76 3.9 Children and the impact of domestic abuse ...................................................... 79 3.10 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 81 Chapter 4: Professional practice within the domestic abuse arena: a discussion of existing and potential frameworks 4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 83 4.2 Understanding the social care needs of trans communities .............................. 84 4.3 Current understandings: feminist praxis, social care and domestic abuse........ 86 4.4 Expanding the traditional feminist paradigm ................................................... 89 4.5 The framework for contemporary domestic abuse practice ............................. 91 4.6 A case for critical practice ................................................................................ 95 1 4.7 Exploring ethics: a feminist ethics of care ....................................................... 98 4.8 Reflexivity, narrative ethics and trans communities......................................... 103 4.9 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 106 Chapter 5: Methodology 5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 109 5.2 A gendered paradigm: feminism and a queer approach ................................... 110 5.3 A poststructural influence ................................................................................. 114 5.4 Foucault: power and sexuality .......................................................................... 117 5.5 Limitations: Foucault and feminism ................................................................. 119 5.6 Methodological framework .............................................................................. 120 5.7 Research strategy .............................................................................................. 122 5.8 Data collection .................................................................................................. 123 5.9 Sampling and access ......................................................................................... 126 5.10 Data analysis ..................................................................................................... 127 5.11 Defining a mixed-method approach to analysis ............................................... 131 5.12 Research ethics ................................................................................................. 131 5.13 Ethics and risk................................................................................................... 133 5.14 Reflexivity and impact on the field: power issues ............................................ 133 5.15 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 136 Chapter 6: Negotiating relationships: trans people’s experiences of gender, intimacy and family 6.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 138 6.2 Secret lives: experiences of gender non-conformity ....................................... 139 6.3 From compliance to transitions ........................................................................ 150 6.4 Transitions and intimate partnerships ............................................................... 160 6.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 165 Chapter 7: Trans people’s experiences of domestic abuse 7.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 167 7.2 Trans people’s partnerships and domestic abuse .............................................. 168 7.3 Families and the intersections of heteronormativity, stigma (Goffman 1979[1963]) and transphobic honour-based abuse .......................................... 186 7.4 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 198 Chapter 8: Social inclusion, support networks and professional practice with trans people who experience domestic abuse 8.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 201 8.2 Social care needs and social inclusion .............................................................. 202 8.3 Informal support networks: friendships ............................................................ 207 8.4 Formal support networks .................................................................................. 209 8.5 Professional practice with trans people who experience domestic abuse......... 214 8.6 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 238 Chapter 9: Conclusion 9.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 240 9.2 Trans identity and the negotiations of self, intimacy and family life ............... 241 9.3 Trans people’s experiences of domestic abuse ................................................. 244 2 9.4 Challenges, recommendations and indications for professional practice with trans people who experience domestic abuse ........................................... 249 9.5 My contribution to theoretical debates ............................................................. 253 9.6 Locating myself within the research ................................................................. 254 9.7 Limitations and Recommendations .................................................................. 254 9.8 Chapter summary .............................................................................................. 256 References ................................................................................................................. 258 Appendix 1: Glossary of terms ................................................................................. 283 Appendix 2: Interviewee characteristics ................................................................... 285 Appendix 3: The Power and Control Wheel (Pence and Payman 1993) .................. 289 Appendix 4: Power and Control Wheel for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual