01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page i Beyond the Frame This page intentionally left blank 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page iii Beyond the Frame Women of Color and Visual Representation Edited by Neferti X. M.Tadiar and Angela Y. Davis 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page iv BEYOND THE FRAME © Neferti X. M. Tadiar and Angela Y. Davis, 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–6533–1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Beyond the frame : women of color and visual representation / edited by Angela Y. Davis and Neferti X.M. Tadiar. p. cm. Papers originally presented at a conference sponsored by the Humanities Research Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, entitled “Women of Color and Visual Representations” held in spring of 1999. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–4039–6533–1 (alk. paper) 1. Minority women—United States—Social conditions—Congresses. 2. Photography of women—United States—Congresses. 3. Marginality, Social—United States—Congresses. I. Davis, Angela Y. II. Tadiar, Neferti Xina M. (Neferti Xina Maca), 1964– HQ1421.B49 2005 305.48Ј8Ј00973—dc22 2005043132 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: September 2005 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page v For Gloria E. Anzaldúa This page intentionally left blank 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page vii Contents List of Figures ix About the Contributors and Editors xi Introduction 1 Neferti X. M. Tadiar and Angela Y. Davis Part 1 Popular Culture and Advertising 1. “The East Side Revue, 40 Hits by East Los Angeles Most Popular Groups!” The Boys in the Band and the Girls Who Were Their Fans 13 Keta Miranda 2. The Commoditization of Hybridity in the 1990s U.S. Fashion Advertising: Who Is cK one? 31 Laura J. Kuo 3. Albita’s Queer Nations and U.S. Salsa Culture 49 Darshan Elena Campos 4. Beyond Pocahontas 61 Joanne Barker 5. “Come Up to the Kool Taste”: Race and the Semiotics of Smoking 77 Sarah S. Jain Part II Self/Identity, Memory/History 6. Conjuring up Traces of Historical Violence: Grandpa, Who is Not in the Photo 107 Naono Akiko 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page viii viii Contents 7. “The Face Value of Dreams”: Gender, Race, Class, and the Politics of Cosmetic Surgery 131 Victoria M. Bañales 8. A Fraction of National Belonging: “Hybrid Hawaiians,” Blood Quantum, and the Ongoing Search for Purity 153 J. Ke-haulani Kauanui Part III Resistance Images 9. Bearing Bandoleras: Transfigurative Liberation and the Iconography of la Nueva Chicana 171 Maylei Blackwell 10. Aztec Princess Still at Large 197 Catrióna Rueda Esquibel 11. Embodied at the Shrine of Cultural Disjuncture 207 Luz Calvo 12. “¿Soy Punkera, Y Que?”: Sexuality, Translocality, and Punk in Los Angeles and Beyond 219 Michelle Habell-Pallán Index 243 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 24/6/05 10:45 AM Page ix List of Figures 1.1 Front cover of East Side Revue: 40 Hits by East Los Angeles Most Popular Groups! 14 2.1 “Jenny, Kate, and Company,” prototype for the cK one: portraits of a generation advertising campaign, released in September 1994 33 3.1 Albita: No Se Parce A Nada 51 3.2 Albita: Una Mujer Como Yo 58 4.1 “A New Kind of Warrior,” U.S. Secret Service Advertisement 62 5.1 Cover (L) and Inside Cover of Ebony, August 1967 82 6.1 Late Spring 1972; from top left (clockwise): Grandma’s elder sister, Grandma, Dad, my brother, myself, Mom 109 7.1 Ana Ponce exits a plastic surgeon’s office in Lima, Peru after undergoing rhinoplasty 132 8.1 “Chinese-Hawaiian Girl,” 1930 photograph included in papers of William A. Lessa, National Anthropological Archives 155 9.1 “La Soldadera,” Chicana Student Movement newspaper, 1968 172 10.1 “Ixta Ponders Leverage Buyout,” Robert Buitrón, 1989 198 11.1 Laura Aguilar’s Three Eagles Flying 208 12.1 Flyer insert for Pretty Vacant (dir. Jim Mendiola, 1996) 220 12.2 Still photo for Pretty Vacant (dir. Jim Mendiola, 1996) 222 This page intentionally left blank 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:50 AM Page xi About the Contributors and Editors A doctoral student in Literature at the University of California-Santa Cruz, Vicky Bañales is finishing her dissertation, entitled “Twentieth Century Latin American and US Latina Women’s Literature and the Paradox of Dictatorship and Democracy.” Her research interests include: Latin/a American women’s dictatorship novels and testimo- nial narratives, women’s social and literary movements in the 1980s, Third World feminisms, and gender and race studies. Vicky has been a member of the Research Cluster for Women of Color in Collaboration and Conflict since 1997, and is affiliated with the UC-Santa Cruz Chicano/Latino Research Center and the Feminist Theories in the Latin/a Americas Research Cluster. She teaches women’s studies and literature/writing courses at UC-Santa Cruz, and is a past Ford Dissertation Fellow. Joanne Barker (Lenape) completed her Ph.D. in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 2000 where she specialized in indigenous jurisprudence, women’s/gender studies, and cultural studies. She has published articles in Wicazo Sa Review: A Native American Studies Journal, Cultural Studies, Inscriptions, and This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions for Transformation. She has edited a collection of essays entitled Sovereignty Matters that is being published by the University of Nebraska Press for 2005. She is currently working on energy policies and conservation issues in relation to California Indian tribes with the California Energy Commission and California Indian Legal Services. She is Assistant Professor in American Indian Studies at San Francisco State University. Maylei Blackwell is Assistant Professor in the César E. Chávez Center for Chicana/o Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. She is an activist-scholar whose research examines how racial 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 10:40 PM Page xii xii About the Contributors and Editors and sexual difference shapes the challenges and possibilities of transnational organizing in the Americas. She completed a Ph.D. in the History of Consciousness Department at the University of California in Santa Cruz. Her current research and teaching explore how women of color in the United States and indigenous women in Mexico organ- ize to resist the conditions created by globalization. Her recent publi- cations include “Contested Histories: las Hijas de Cuauhtémoc, Chicana Feminisms and Print Culture in the Chicano Movement, 1968–1973,” in Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader (Duke University Press), a coauthored article entitled, “Encountering Latin American and Caribbean Feminisms,” which appeared in Signs, Journal of Women in Culture and Society (Winter 2002), and Time to Rise: US Women of Color—Issues and Strategies, a report to the UN World Conference Against Racism, available at Ͻwww.coloredgirls. orgϾ, which she coedited for the Women of Color Resource Center. Luz Calvo is Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies at California State University, East Bay. She earned her Ph.D. in the History of Consciousness at UC Santa Cruz. Her article “Art Comes for the Archbishop: The Semiotics of Contemporary Chicana Feminism” appears in Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism (Autumn 2004). She is working on a manuscript entitled, “Border Fantasies: Race, Sex, and Mexican Bodies.” Darshan Elena Campos is a media arts educator. Activism fuels her scholarship. She programs cultural events and writes as often as possi- ble. Social justice, which means political, social, cultural, and psychic liberation for all oppressed and colonized peoples, is her goal. Her dis- sertation considers independent women of color filmmaking as a form of cultural criticism and grassroots political organizing. She is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of History of Consciousness at University of California, Santa Cruz. Catrióna Rueda Esquibel is Assistant Professor of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University. Her work has been published in SIGNS: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Chicano/Latino Homoerotic Identities, Tortilleras: Hispanic and Latina Lesbian Expression, Velvet Barrios: Popular Culture and Chicana/Chicano Sexualities, and in her book, With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians (University of Texas Press, 2006). 01_Nefe_FM.qxd 23/6/05 6:04 PM Page xiii About the Contributors and Editors xiii Michelle Habell-Pallán is Assistant Professor in the Department of American Ethnic Studies at the University of Washington, Seattle. She is author of Loca Motion: The Travels of Chicana and Latina Popular Culture (NYU Press) and coeditor with Mary Romero of Latino/a Popular Culture (NYU Press). She is a recipient of research fellowships from the Rockefeller and Mellon Foundations. Her book-in-progress is a comparative study of women of color’s participation in the punk and new wave music cultures of the 1970s. Sarah S. Jain is Assistant Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Stanford University.