1 Preface The C/C++ compiler described in this manual is a native compiler that supports the C and C++ programming languages. This compiler can be called and controlled by means of the following commands: cc, c89 The compiler works as a C compiler. CC The compiler works as a C++ compiler. The C/C++ compiler is a part of the C/C++ development system CDS++, which is an independent software package from the Reliant UNIX base system. CDS++ includes not only the C/C++ compiler, but also the symbolic debugging aid DBX and various C++ libraries (i.e. the Cfront-compatible library, the standard C++ library and Tools.h++). In order to use CDS++, you will also need the C libraries, headers and tools from the ccs, attlib, atthead, ucblib, ucbhead, ucbcmd and attcmd packages. These packages are part of the Reliant UNIX base system. Depending on which license is purchased, the C/C++ compiler can be used as only a C compiler (with the “CDS” license) or as both a C and C++ compiler (with the “CDS++” license). See the Release Notice for further details. U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 1 Documentation for CDS++ and additional references Preface 1.1 Documentation for CDS++ and additional references The following important manuals and reference literature are available for developing C and C++ programs using CDS++ and other software components of the Reliant UNIX system: Manuals that can be ordered from SNI – This “C/C++ Compiler” User Guide See the “Summary of contents” in the next section. – “Reliant UNIX, Programmer´s Reference Manual” C library functions, system calls and commands for program development (e.g. ld, sccs, yacc) – “DBX V2.3”, User Guide Symbolic Debugger for C, C++ and FORTRAN – “Standard C++ Library V1.2”, User´s Guide and Reference Rogue Wave manual for the ANSI C++ libraries Strings, Containers, Iterators, Algorithms and Numerics – “Tools.h++ V7.0”, User´s Guide and “Tools.h++ V7.0”, Class Reference Rogue Wave manuals for the widespread and commonly usable C++ class libraries – “Cfront C++ Library”, Reference Manual Classes, functions and operators for complex math and stream-oriented I/O (compatible to Cfront V3.0.3) Documentation supplied with CDS++ – “C++ Language Addendum” (see the Release Notice for details on the delivery format). This document contains ANSI C++ language elements which have not been defined in the C++ language definition by Bjarne Stroustrup (2nd. edition) or which deviate from it. – Release Notice. The Release Notice (readme file) is a part of the CDS++ Readme package. It contains important information and the latest amendments related to the product, its use (especially on older SINIX V5.42 systems), and the supplied manuals. 2 U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 Preface Documentation for CDS++ and additional references Other reference literature and standards – “The C Programing Language 2nd Edition - ANSI-C”, by B.W. Kernighan and D.M. Ritchie, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-110370-9 Introduction to C, problem-oriented description of the C language elements with a large number of examples, reference section (C language description), C solution. – “The C++ Programming Language, 2nd Edition”, by Bjarne Stroustrup, Addison- Wesley, 1991, ISBN 0-201-53992-6 Introduction to C and C++ with a large number of examples, three chapters on software development using C++ and a complete reference manual. – “American National Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language C”, Doc.No. X3J11/90-013, February 14, 1990 or “International Standard ISO/IEC 9899 : 1990, Programming languages - C” – “International Standard ISO/IEC 9899 : 1990, Programming languages - C / Amendment 1 : 1994” – “System Application Binary Interface, MIPS Processor supplement”, Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-880170-3 – “Working Paper for Draft Proposed International Standard for Information Systems - Programming Language C++”, Doc.No. X3J16/96-0219R1, WG21/N0137, Dec 2 1996 This document can be ordered from: American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Standards Secretariat: ITIC, 1250 Eye Street NW, Suite 200, Washington DC 20005 USA) or from: Normenausschuß Informationstechnik im DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. 10772 Berlin U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 3 Summary of contents Preface 1.2 Summary of contents This User Guide is indented for C and C++ programmers. It describes how C and C++ programs can be compiled with the C/C++ compiler and then be linked and executed. In order to work effectively with this manual, you will need to be familiar with the C and C++ programming languages and the Reliant UNIX operating system. Following this preface, you will find an overview of the C/C++ Development System and its components described in chapter 2. The commands to call the compiler are cc, c89 and CC. These commands are described in detail with their possible options and effects in chapter 3. Chapter 4 describes how headers can be precompiled. Chapter 5 describes how programs can be optimized. Chapter 6 describes how the link editor works and how you can create and use libraries. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with extensions to the C and C++ language definitions and describe the implementation and machine-dependent language features of this compiler. Chapter 9 (the appendix) contains an alphabetically-ordered list of all compiler options with references to the pages on which they are described. 4 U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 Preface Notational conventions 1.3 Notational conventions The following notational conventions are used to depict commands, options and program statements described in this User Guide: -B dynamic Uppercase letters, digits and special characters in typewritten text are constants and must be entered exactly as shown, except for the arguments for the -K option, which are shown in the manual in lowercase letters, but may be entered in both uppercase and lowercase (see page 23). name Lowercase letters in italics denote variables, which must be replaced by current values at the time of input. {cc | c89} Braces enclose alternatives from which one must be selected. The separator character | must not be specified. [ ] Square brackets enclose options that may be omitted. ( ) Parentheses are constants and must be specified. Ë This symbol indicates that at least one white space character is necessary for the syntax. ... Ellipses signify repetition, i.e. the preceding unit can be repeated several times in succession. U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 5 Eine Dokuschablone von Frank Flachenecker by f.f. 1992 2 The C/C++ development system The C/C++ development system CDS++ essentially consists of the following components: – the C/C++ compiler – extensive C++ libraries and runtime systems – the symbolic debugger DBX This chapter provides an overview of these components and their most important charac- teristics. Detailed information on the C/C++ compiler can be found in the remaining chapters of this manual. For information on the various C++ libraries and the symbolic debugger DBX, see the manuals listed under the Documentation section. U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 7 The C/C++ compiler The C/C++ development system 2.1 The C/C++ compiler 2.1.1 General characteristics Supported C and C++ language standards The compiler supports the following C and C++ language standards: – ANSI/ISO C with the ISO C Addendum 1 (1994) – the status of the ANSI C++ draft from early 1996 including, in particular, exception handling, templates, new-style casts, name spaces, runtime type information (RTTI), etc. Controlling the compiler Three commands are available to call and control the compiler: cc, c89 and CC. The call syntax for these commands is based on the definition in the XPG4 standard. cc, c89 The compiler operates as a C compiler and optionally supports the Kernighan & Ritchie C, extended ANSI/ISO C (default for the cc command) and strict ANSI/ISO C (default for the c89 command) modes. CC The compiler operates as a C++ compiler and optionally supports the Cfront V3.0.3-compatible C++, extended ANSI/ISO C++ (default) and strict ANSI/ISO C++ modes. The cc, c89 and CC commands to call the compiler also include an integrated linkage phase with which compiled objects can be linked into an executable file or a shared library. Compatibility The following language modes are offered by the compiler to enable the migration or porting of older C and C++ applications: Kernighan&Ritchie C, Cfront C++ V3.0.3, preprocessor dialects based on Reiser’s cpp and Johnson’s pcc. Portable software To develop portable software, the compiler also supports the “strict” ANSI C and ANSI C++ modes. All deviations from the corresponding language standards are diagnosed in these modes. 8 U25438-J-Z145-1-7600 The C/C++ development system The C/C++ compiler 64-bit data model A new 64-bit data model that supports pointers and integers with a length of 64 bits (see Release Notice) is now available in addition to the 32-bit API. High optimization In order to produce applications with maximum runtime performance, a number of effective optimization techniques ranging from simple optimization to complex cross-module feedback optimization have been implemented in the compiler. Native C++ compiler In contrast to C++ V3.0, which generated C code from C++ code and passed it to the C compiler, CDS++ directly generates object code in ELF format from C++ code. Precompilation of headers In order to reduce the compilation time when compiling a source file, the compiler can store the compiled code of header files in a separate file and then reuse the precompiled header on compiling the same or any other source file. Thread support The compiler and the C++ libraries support threaded programs with the Thread package of the product DCE (Reliant UNIX) V2.0. makefile dependencies The compiler optionally generates file dependencies (with the -M option) that can be used as input for the UNIX program make.