DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis „Islamic Unity“ (İttihad-ı İslam) and its Conceptual History with a special focus on the Young Turk Press before 1908 verfasst von / submitted by Mag. phil. Hatice Yentürk angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2016 / Vienna, 2016 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 092 300 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Politikwissenschaft field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Doz. Dr. Johann Dvorák i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to my advisor, Univ.-Doz. Dr. Johann Dvorák, for his guidance during this dissertation. I also gratefully thank to Prof. Dr. İsmail Kara, who also inspired and encouraged me with the choice of the topic of the dissertation and his valuable and critical contributions. I am grateful to the comments of Prof. Dr. Gökhan Çetinsaya, Prof. Dr. Azmi Özcan, Prof. Dr. Mümtaz’er Türköne, Doz. Dr. Abdülhamid Kırmızı and Dr. Yunus Uğur. All of these professors contributed an important number of sources and informed me on new historiographical approaches. I would also like to thank to all the ISAM Library and the Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives who were always helpful. Additionally, I am grateful to Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı and its Director Dr. Mustafa Özel, who encouraged me with patience all the time I felt desperate. Additionally, I am grateful to İlim Yayma Vakfı and Türkiye Milli Kültür Vakfı for supporting my Ph.D. with their Scholarship Program. My special thanks to my friends Serhat Arslaner and Abdülkerim Asılsoy for reading and discussing my drafts, sharing their valuable comments at all moments of the study and to my precious friends Rukiye Kübra& Hamdi Durmuş for everything. Last, I would like to thank to my family, my husband Fatih Yentürk, my father Ramiz Çolak, my mother Münevver Çolak and my lovely daughters, Mina and Hüma, to whom I owe many stolen times. This dissertation would have never been written without their generous and precious support. Many other people and institutions have played significant roles throughout the process of my researching and writing this dissertation. I hope those I have forgotten to mention will forgive me. ii CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF THE AUTHOR: Hatice Yentürk E-MAIL: [email protected] PLACE OF BIRTH: Tokat, Turkey DATE OF BIRTH: 8 April 1983 NATIONALITY: Turkish LANGUAGES: Turkish, English, German SCHOOLS ATTENDED: Bursa İmam Hatip Lisesi 1997- 2000 Vienna University, Political Science Graduate 2001-2005 Vienna University, Political Science Doctorate 2005-2016 AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: History of the Late Ottoman Empire, Children Literature PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Turkish Airlines, 2011-2016, Director of Corporate Social Responsibility Programmes SEDAV, 2005-2009, Lector of Political Science PUBLICATIONS: Reviews: “Yad-ı Mazi ve Hayatımın Tarihi”, Ahmet Muhtar Nasuhoğlu, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi, Hatıralarla Yakın Tarih-14, 5 Haziran 2009, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 70 (2009) iii “Osmanlı Taşrasında II. Meşrutiyet” Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi 20 Aralık 2008 tarihli sempozyum değerlendirmesi, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 69 (2009) “Vefatının 90. Yılında Gerçek Abdulhamid’in İzinde”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi- Kemal Karpat’ın “Osmanlı Taşrasında II. Meşrutiyet”atölye çalışması giriş konferansı değerlendirmesi, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 68 (2008) “Kebikeç Yayınları”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi- Kudret Emiroğlu ile Sahaf sohbetleri değerlendirmesi, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 67 (2008) “İnkılâb Yayınları”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi- Hasan Güneş ile Sahaf sohbetleri değerlendirmesi, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 66 (2008) Modern Mimaride Geleneksel Osmanlı Mimari Algısı (1909-1931), Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi- Yavuz Sezer ile Tez-Makale Sunumları, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Bülteni, 65 (2007) Conferences: “1908 Devrimi Öncesi Jön Türklerin Siyasî Fikirlerinin Teşekkülü”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı XVIII. Öğrenci Sempozyumu, 10-11 Mart 2007. “Yad-ı Mazi ve Hayatımın Tarihi”, Ahmet Muhtar Nasuhoğlu, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi, Hatıralarla Yakın Tarih-14, Yuvarlak Masa Toplantıları kapsamında kitap sunum ve değerlendirmesi, 5 Haziran 2009. Editions: “Osmanlı Askeri Tarihi”, (Aslaner, Serhat ile birlikte), İstanbul, 2011 - Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı, Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi, Notlar : 23, 198 sayfa. “II.Abdülhamid II bibliyograftası”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı, Türkiye Araştırmaları Merkezi, 20 Aralık 2008 tarihli “Osmanlı Taşrasında II. Meşrutiyet” sempozyum için bibliyografya çalışması (henüz basılmadı). Translations: iv “Çocuklar için ve çocuklarla birlikte bir Avrupa inşası”, Avrupa Konseyi, 2009 - 2011 Çocuk Hakları Stratejisi, Çocuk Vakfı, 2010. “Ulusal Anayasalar Ve Çocuk Haklarına Dair Karşılaştırmalı İnceleme”, Çocuk Hakları Enstitüsü’ne sunulan taslak- Mart 2010, İsviçre, Çocuk Vakfı, 2012. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... ii CURRICULUM VITAE ............................................................................................. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT (IN GERMAN) ................................................................................... xiii 1. CHAPTER .......................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... xiv 1.1. Literature ............................................................................................................ xv 1.2. Questions ........................................................................................................... xvi 1.3. Problems ......................................................................................................... xvii 1.4. Methodology ................................................................................................... xvii 1.5. The structure of thesis and a Begriffsgeschichte study .................................. xviii 2. CHAPTER ............................................................................................................. 1 ACTORS ........................................................................................................................ 1 2.1. A Chronology of Terminology ............................................................................ 2 2.2. A Definition and General Characteristics ............................................................ 3 2.3. Organization ......................................................................................................... 5 2.4. Groups .................................................................................................................. 6 2.5. Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 10 3. CHAPTER ........................................................................................................... 12 THE BENCH ............................................................................................................... 12 3.1. The Journalistic Activities of the Period – Young Turk Press ........................... 12 3.1.1. The properties of Ottoman journalism ...................................................... 12 3.1.2. The history of Ottoman press .................................................................... 14 vi 3.1.3. The properties of Young Turk press .......................................................... 16 3.2. Abdulhamid and the Young Turk Press ............................................................. 18 3.3. The Young Turk Newspapers that were examined ............................................ 20 3.3.1. Şura-yı Ümmet .......................................................................................... 20 3.3.2. Ictihad ....................................................................................................... 23 3.3.3. Mizan......................................................................................................... 26 3.3.4. Kanun-ı Esasi ............................................................................................ 29 3.3.5. İttihad-ı İslam............................................................................................ 30 3.4. Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 31 4. CHAPTER ........................................................................................................... 34 PROCESS, EXPERIENCE AND EXPECTATIONS .............................................. 34 4.1. Abdulhamid II and his time ............................................................................... 34 4.2. The history of Young Turk activities ................................................................. 37 4.2.1. Actual Foundation – 1889-1895 ..............................................................