Classification Classification disclaimers The trees we will use are a combination of those on the Tree of Life Web Project (http://tolweb.org/tree/) and Murphy et al (Science (2001) 294: 2348-2351). Phylogenies are constantly being tweaked and refined. Some details of some of the following trees may be in dispute. The phylogeny you get in other courses may therefore differ. Classification B E No outgroup so BEA BEA BAE we get this A ? Classification B A E Using duplicated genes that predate divergence (Bio 472) Eubacteria (true bacteria) Archaea (archaebacteria) Plants (mosses, ferns, seed plants) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts) The relationships Ctenophora (comb jellies) of these 3 phyla Porifera (sponges) are in dispute, Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals) this pattern may be altered. Eukaryotes Ecdysozoa Nematoda (round worms) Onychophora (velvet worms) Protostomia Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans, chelicerates) Annelida (segmented worms) Animalia Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) Lophotrochozoa Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Echinodermata (starfish, sea stars, sea cucumbers, etc.) Bilateria Urochordates (tunicates) Cephalochordates (amphioxus) Hyperotreti/Myxini (hagfish) Hyperoartia/Petromyzontida (lampreys) Dueterostomia Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, etc.) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Dipnoi (lungfish) Chordata Amphibia Anura (frogs and toads) Amphibia Caudata (salamanders and newts) Craniata Gymnophiona (caecilians) Turtles were long thought to have evolved from Vertebrata Anapsida anapsids which are X Cryptodira (vertical retracting turtles) Pleurodira (side necked turtles) otherwise extinct. Gnathostomata Crocodylomorpha (crocodiles and alligators) Archosauria X Ornithischia (bird-hipped herbivores) Sarcopterygii X Sauropodomorpha (long necked herbivores) X Theropoda (bipedal carnivores) Diapsida Dinosauria Paleognathae (ratities and tinamous) Terrestrial Neognathae (the rest of the birds) Lepidosauria vertebrates Amniota Sphenodontida (tuatara) Squamata (iguanas, amphisbaenians, lizards) Cetacea (whales, dolphins) Cetartiodactyla Artiodactyla (even toed ungulates: pigs, deer, goats, hippos, etc.) Perissodactyla (odd toed ungulates: horses, tapirs, rhino) Carnivora (dogs, cats, raccoons, weasels, hyenas, seals, etc.) NOTES: Pholiodota (pangolins) Chiroptera (bats) Many extinct taxa are not represented on this diagram. Insectivora (shrews, hedgehogs, moles) Many extant taxa are not represented on this diagram. Glires Rodentia (rats, mice, capybara, etc.) Mammal tree Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) topology from: Branch lengths are not to scale Eutheria Dermoptera (flying lemurs) Murphy et al Scandentia (tree shrews) Science (2001) 294: 2348-2351 Primates (monkeys, apes, humans) Xenartha/Edentata (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvark) Synapsida Sirenia (manatees, dugong, sea cow) Afrotheria Hyracoidea (the hyrax) Proboscidea (elephants) Marsupialia (kangaroos, wombats, koalas, etc.) Monotremata (egg laying mammals: platypus, echidna) Eubacteria True bacteria Cells have cell walls Mitochondria Cells are not nucleated Chloroplasts Archaea Archaebacteria, unusual bacteria that live in unusual places They look just like bacteria, they are distinguished via biochemical and genetic differences http://www.unm.edu/~astro1 http://www.aquamedicine.no http://www.ufrsd.net Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts) http://www.fastrac.net.au/~nerringillah/ http://www.mykoweb.com/ http://www.wineaccents.com/ Green plants Green Algaes Mosses Ferns Seed plants - Gymnosperms (no flowers) - Angiosperms (flowering) From Evolutionary Biology, Futuyma Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals) Nematoda (round worms) Onychophora (velvet worms) Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) Annelida (segmented worms) bilateria Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 3 cells layers 3 cells Chordata (chordates, vertebrates) deuterostomata Echinodermata (starfish, sea cucumbers..) Major phyla of animals know them all Porifera (sponges) http://acquari.aquariaonline.net/scuba.htm Ctenophora (comb jellies) http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/ctenophora.html Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals) Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals) Nematoda (round worms) Onychophora (velvet worms) Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) Annelida (segmented worms) bilateria Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 3 cells layers 3 cells Chordata (chordates, vertebrates) deuterostomata Echinodermata (starfish, sea cucumbers..) Major phyla of animals Nematoda (round worms) Onychophora (velvet worms) http://www.cals.ncsu.edu Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Hexapoda: insects mostly Myriapoda: millipedes, centipedes 4/17 Crustacea: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles Chelicerata: spiders, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, trilobites http://dr-amy.com Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) chiton snail nudibranch clam octopus Annelida (segmented worms) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Porifera (sponges) Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, anemones, corals) Nematoda (round worms) Onychophora (velvet worms) Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crustaceans) Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Mollusca (snails, clams, squids, etc.) Annelida (segmented worms) bilateria Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 3 cells layers 3 cells Chordata (chordates, vertebrates) deuterostomata Echinodermata (starfish, sea cucumbers..) Major phyla of animals Echinodermata (starfish, sea cucumbers...) starfish sea urchin sea cucumber Chordata (chordates, vertebrates) Urochordates (tunicates) Cephalochordates (amphioxus) Craniata (hagfish, vertebrates) Craniata (hagfish, vertebrates) Hyperotreti (Hagfish) Hyperoartia (Lampreys) Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws) Gnathostomata (vertebrates with jaws) Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fish: sharks, rays, etc.) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobed finned fish) http://www.moolelo.com/ Sarcopterygii (lobed finned fish) Dipnoi (lungfish) Terrestrial vertebrates (mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians) Sarcopterygii (lobed finned fish) Anura Caudata Gymnophiona frogs and toads Anura Caudata Gymnophiona salamanders and newts Anura Caudata Gymnophiona caecilians Turtles: Cryptodira (vertical retraction) Pleurodira (side necked) Galapagos tortoise alligator snapping turtle Chelonia mydas side-necked turtle, pleurodira Crocodiles and alligators Gharial Crocodile Oronoco crocodile and capybara Ornithischia (bird-hipped herbivores) all dino pictures by Artist Joe Tucciarone, http://members.aol.com/Dinoplanet/dinosaur.html Sauropodomorpha (long necked herbs) Theropoda (bipedal carnivores) Class = aves Paleognathae Neognathae Paleognathae Neognathae Ratities and tinamous tinamous emu cassowary kiwi all other birds Paleognathae Neognathae emperor penguins Sphenodontida (tuatara) Iguana http://www.travel-library.com http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc Snakes, amphisbaenians, other lizards green mamba bipes, amphisbaenian frill-necked lizard chameleon Monotremata, 3 species (platypus, echidna) Marsupialia, 260 species (kangroos, wombats, koalas...) Synapsida live birth Eutheria (placental mammals) placenta & true mammaries Cetacea (whales, dolphins) Orders of Cetartiodactyla mammals Artiodactyla (pigs, deer, goats, hippos, camel) even toed ungulates Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhino) odd toed ungulates Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, weasels, hyenas, seals, walrus) Pholiodota (pangolins) Chiroptera (bats) Eutheria Insectivora (shrews, hedgehogs, moles) Rodentia (rodents) Glires Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Dermoptera (flying lemurs) Scandentia (tree shrews) Primates (monkeys, apes, humans) Xenartha (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvark) Sirenia (manatees, dugong, sea cow) Afrotheria Hyracoidea (the hyrax) Proboscidea (elephants) Marsupialia (kangroos, wombats, koalas...) Monotremata (platypus, echidna) Cetacea: whales, dolphins Mysticeti: 2 blowholes most are large no teeth, keratin sheets (baleen) instead. Odontoceti: 1 blowhole most are smaller Teeth made from enamel river dolphin dolphin Humpback Artiodactyla (pigs, deer, goats, hippos, camel) boar even toed ungulates giraffe bison gazelle yak hippo Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhino) odd toed ungulates rhino tapir zebra Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, racoons, weasels, hyenas, seals, walrus) wolverine wolverine panda Felines seal Pholiodota (pangolins) Chiroptera (bats) false vampire Honduran tent bat vampire Insectivora (shrews, hedgehogs, moles) hedgehog water shrew solenodon Cetacea (whales, dolphins) Orders of Cetartiodactyla mammals Artiodactyla (pigs, deer, goats, hippos, camel) even toed ungulates Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhino) odd toed ungulates Carnivora (dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, weasels, hyenas, seals, walrus) Pholiodota (pangolins) Chiroptera (bats) Eutheria Insectivora (shrews, hedgehogs, moles) Rodentia (rodents) Glires Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Dermoptera (flying lemurs) Scandentia (tree shrews) Primates (monkeys, apes, humans) Xenartha (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvark) Sirenia (manatees, dugong, sea cow) Afrotheria Hyracoidea (the hyrax) Proboscidea (elephants) Marsupialia (kangroos, wombats, koalas...) Monotremata (platypus, echidna) Rodentia (rodents) capybara rat beaver naked mole rat Lagomorpha