1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Research Question & Hypothesis .................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Collective Security ...................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Rogue State ................................................................................................................................. 8 1.3.3 Interstate Conflict ....................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.4 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Past Research and Innovation ....................................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 Learning from Versailles .......................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Options in Dealing with Rogue States ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.3 The View on Collective Security .............................................................................................. 12 1.4.4 Research Innovation.................................................................................................................. 13 1.5 Theories: The Liberal Perspective ................................................................................................ 13 1.5.1 Sociological Liberalism ............................................................................................................ 14 1.5.2 Institutional Liberalism ............................................................................................................. 15 2. INSTITUTIONS DEALING WITH COLLECTIVE SECURITY ........................................................ 17 2.1 The United Nations Security Council ........................................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Decision-making Process .......................................................................................................... 19 2.1.3 Dealing with Rogue States ........................................................................................................ 20 2.1.4 Dealing with Disarmament ....................................................................................................... 21 2.1.5 Representativeness .................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.6 Legitimacy ................................................................................................................................ 24 2.1.7 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................. 25 2.2 The G8 and its Foreign Ministers’ Forum.................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Decision-making Process .......................................................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Dealing with Rogue States ........................................................................................................ 29 2.2.4 Dealing with Disarmament ....................................................................................................... 31 2.2.5 Representativeness .................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.6 Legitimacy ................................................................................................................................ 33 2.2.7 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................. 35 3. ANALYSIS: ALTERNATIVE IDEAS ..................................................................................................... 36 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 36 3.2 A Foreign Ministers’ G20 .............................................................................................................. 38 3.2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 38 3.2.2 Representativeness .................................................................................................................... 40 3.2.3 BRICs of Peace: A Role for Emerging Powers ........................................................................ 41 3.2.4 Dealing with Rogue States ........................................................................................................ 43 3.3 UN Reforms in Collective Security ............................................................................................... 43 3.3.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 43 3.3.2 The Good Offices of the Secretary General: A Vital Role ....................................................... 44 3.3.3 Reviving the Military Staff Committee..................................................................................... 45 3.3.4 The Key: Representativeness .................................................................................................... 48 4. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Maintaining Collective Security Institutions ................................................................................ 50 4.2 The Need for a Global Collective Security Framework .............................................................. 50 4.3 Facing the Opposition by Inclusion............................................................................................... 50 4.4 Pre-emptive Peace: A Collective Security Model for the Twenty-First-Century ...................... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 53 2 ABSTRACT What is the most effective arrangement for global collective security to prevent interstate conflict with rogue states that might pose a nuclear threat? The author seeks to answer this question by analysing the collective security capabilities of a formal organisation, the United Nations Security Council, and an informal organisation, the G8 and its Foreign Affairs Ministers’ Forum. Both are important for global security and are fairly effective in facing up to rogue states for containing their aggressiveness. However the threat they pose must nonetheless be removed, and in order to do this a high-level informal forum of representatives of the world’s major economic powers and rogue states could help solve these conflicts. This framework for discussions and cooperation between all parties could ease the United Nations Security Council’s work in the disarmament of the same rogue states. Alexandre T. Gingras can be reached by e-mail at [email protected] 3 Clearly, no longer can a dictator count on East-West confrontation to stymie concerted United Nations action against aggression. A new partnership of nations has begun, and we stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective—a new world order—can emerge: A new era—freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony. A hundred generations have searched for this elusive path to peace, while a thousand wars raged across the span of human endeavour, and today that new world is struggling to be born. - UNITED STATES PRESIDENT GEORGE H. W. BUSH’S ADDRESS TO CONGRESS, SEPTEMBER 11, 1990 4 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Foreword At the beginning of the 1990s, many assumed that the “new world order” that emerged after the end of the Cold War would pave the way for a world of peace, of greater freedom and economic prosperity. Political economist Francis Fukuyama (1989) suggested that we were perhaps witnessing the end of history itself. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States’ sole challenger, it was believed that institutions like the United Nations (UN) and its Security Council (UNSC)