National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CULTURAL LANDSCAPE REPORT FOR BOOKER T. W ASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT SITE HISTORY, EXISTING CONDITIONS, ANALYSIS, AND TREATMENT Cultural Landscape Report for Booker T. Washington National Monument OLMSTED Site History, Existing Conditions, Analysis, and Treatment CENTER for LANDSCAPE PRESERVATION Booker T. Washington National Monument Hardy, Virginia Prepared by Lisa Nowak, Historical Landscape Architect, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation H. Eliot Foulds, Project Manager, Historical Landscape Architect, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation Phillip D. Troutman, Research Fellow, Carter G. Woodson Institute for Afro-American and African Studies, University of Virginia The Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation promotes the preservation of significant landscapes through research, planning, stewardships, and education. The Center accomplishes its mission in collaboration with a network of partners including national parks, universities, government agencies and private nonprofit organizations. Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation 99 Warren Street Brookline, Massachusetts 02445 617.566.1689 www.nps.gov/frla/oclp.htm Publication Credits: Information in this publication may be copies and used with the condition that full credit be given to the authors and publisher. Appropriate citations and bibliography credits should be made for each use. Photographs and graphics may not be reproduced without the permission of the owners or repositories noted in the captions. Cover Photo: Portia Washington Pittman and Sidney Phillips pose in front of the future location of the Booker T. Washing- ton Birthplace Memorial’s cabin replica. Circa 1947. BOWA files. Table of Contents List of Figures..............................................................................................................................................................v Foreword.......................................................................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................................................xiii Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................1 Study Area 3 Historical Overview 3 Scope of Work and Methodologies 8 Summary of Findings 8 Site History....................................................................................................................................................................11 Pre-History to 1850 13 Burroughs Period, 1850-1893 19 Robertson Period, 1893-1945 33 Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial Period, 1945-1957 43 National Park Service Period, 1957-Present 61 Existing Conditions.....................................................................................................................................................87 General Description 89 Landscape Characteristics 89 Analysis...........................................................................................................................................................................103 Evaluation of Significance and Integrity 105 Summary of Landscape Characteristics and Features 124 Evaluation of Landscape Integrity 129 Landscape Treatment.................................................................................................................................................137 Landscape Treatment Principles 139 Role of the GMP in Landscape Treatment Recommendations 139 Landscape Treatment Issues 140 Landscape Treatment Case Studies 141 Landscape Treatment Recommendations 160 Recommendations for Subsequent Work............................................................................................................183 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................................................187 Appendices....................................................................................................................................................................193 iii iv List of Figures Page Figure Number Number Introduction 4 1.1 Location map generated for the 2000 General Management Plan (GMP), 2000. Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. 5 1.2 Booker T. Washington National Monument in Hardy Virginia. GMP, 2000. Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. Site History Pre-History to 1850 15 2.1 Great Wagon Road. 2001. Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation (OCLP). 16 2.2 Detail of the petition to form Henry County, Virginia. November 23, 1782. Courtesy of the Virginia State Library. Burroughs Period, 1850-1893 21 3.1 Detail of the 1849 map of the Rocky Mount-Lynchburg Turnpike. “A Correct Map of the Location of the Rocky Mount Turnpike to Franklin County Courthouse.” Courtesy of the Virginia State Library. 21 3.2 James and Elizabeth Burroughs. Booker T. Washington National Monument (BOWA) files. 22 3.3 The Hales Ford Community circa 1860. 1968. Adapted from Barry Mackintosh’s map “The Hales Ford Community, 1856-1865.” BOWA files. 23 3.4 Diagram of local settlement patterns. Drawn from the 1949 aerial photo. 2001. OCLP. 27 3.5 1865 Period Plan. 2001. Image manipulated by OCLP from GMP maps created by Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. 29 3.6 Diagram of the Burroughs domestic yard. 2001. Image manipulated by OCLP from GMP maps created by Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. Robertson Period, 1893-1945 33 4.1 Former Burroughs house. Photo from the 1937 WPA historical inventory of Franklin County. BOWA files. 34 4.2 Photo of the west side of the former Burroughs house. Circa 1925. BOWA files. 34 4.3 Mrs. Robertson in the rear of the house. Circa 1925. BOWA files. 37 4.4 Photo 1 from Outlook Magazine. November 3, 1900. 37 4.5 Photo 2 from Outlook Magazine. November 3, 1900. 38 4.6 1949 aerial photo of the site. U.S. Geological Survey. EROS Data Center. Sioux Falls, SD. v Page Figure Number Number Robertson Period, continued 39 4.7 1945 Period Plan. 2001. Image manipulated by OCLP from GMP maps created by Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial Period, 1945-1957 43 5.1 Sidney Phillips, president of the Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial. BOWA files. 44 5.2 An early photo of the Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial. Circa 1946. BOWA files. 45 5.3 “Plan and Profile of Proposed State Highway. Franklin County From .0865 mi. S. of Staunton River to Burnt Chimney.” October 16, 1941. Revised August 31, 1945. No. A 2076-1. Drawing courtesy of Virginia Department of Transportation. 46 5.4 Construction of the new Birthplace Memorial driveway. 1946. BOWA files. 46 5.5 Double lane, boulevard style driveway constructed by the state in 1946. BOWA files. 46 5.6 Former Burroughs house. Circa 1946. BOWA files. 47 5.7 Former Burroughs house. Circa 1950. BOWA files. 47 5.8 Tuck Hall. Circa 1950. BOWA files. 47 5.9 Hopkins Hall. Circa 1950. BOWA files. 47 5.10 East side of Hopkins Hall. Circa 1952. BOWA files. 48 5.11 Core landscape of the Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial. Circa 1952. BOWA files. 48 5.12 Remains of the 1950 former Burroughs house fire. Photo courtesy of Mrs. Alice Smith Jones. 49 5.13 Site identified by Henry Swain as the place of Washington’s birth. Circa 1947. BOWA files. 49 5.14 Construction of the cabin replica. 1949. BOWA files. 50 5.15 The Birthplace Memorial’s 1949 cabin replica. BOWA files. 50 5.16 Dedication of the Booker T. Washington cabin replica. 1949. BOWA files. 50 5.17 Birthplace Memorial wishing well that was inscribed with Washington’s words, “cast down your bucket where you are.” Circa 1950. BOWA files. 51 5.18 “Booker T. Washington in Electrical Illumination.” Circa 1955. BOWA files. 51 5.19 “Booker T. Washington in Electrical Illumination.” Circa 1950. BOWA files. 52 5.20 Booker T. Washington Elementary School. July 16, 1953. TIC # 404-25900. BOWA files. vi Page Figure Number Number Booker T. Washington Birthplace Memorial Period, continued 52 5.21 Wolverines, Booker T. Washington Elementary School’s basketball team. Circa 1955. BOWA files. 53 5.22 Students from the Booker T. Washington Elementary School’s safety patrol. Circa 1955. BOWA files. 53 5.23 Students raising the flag in the circular turnaround in front of the school. Circa 1955. BOWA files. 57 5.24 1956 period plan. Image manipulated by OCLP from GMP maps created by Philadelphia Support Office Stewardships and Partnerships. National Park Service Period, 1957-Present 62 6.1 Deteriorated entry road as it appeared when the National Park Service (NPS) acquired the site. 1958. BOWA files. 62 6.2 Remnants of Burch Hall in the late 1950s. Circa 1958. BOWA files. 62 6.3 Phillips’ wishing well. Circa 1958. BOWA files. 63 6.4 Advertisements of the park’s Mission 66 planning agenda. Circa 1958. BOWA files. 64 6.5 1958 General Development Plan. BOWA files. 64 6.6 Tobacco barn. Circa 1958. BOWA files. 65 6.7 Archeological assessment of Cabin Two site. 1959. BOWA files. 65 6.8 John Griffin’s graphic of his 1959 cabin archeological study. BOWA files. 66 6.9 NPS cabin replica. 1960. BOWA files. 66 6.10 The Roll Road interpretive trail brochure. BOWA files. 67 6.11 Interpretive signage in the historic core. Circa