Lso-B-7i-ooz NAUTICALEDUCATION FOR OFFSHORE CXTRACTIVC INDUSTRIES RV G-H.HOFFMANN WITH FREDTOWNSEND AND WARREN NORVILLE 5' GRAHT PUI3I.ICATIOHHO. LSU-II-77-OL C6NTCRfOR WETLAND RESOURCES ~ LOUISIANA STATC UNIVf RSIEY ~ BATON ROUCIC, LOUISIANA 7000 NAUTICAL EDUCATION FOR THE V~M$pQog767 QoM G. H. Ho f fmann with Fred Townsend and Warren Norville LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR WETLAND RESOURCES BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 Sea Grant Publication No. LSU-8-77-001 September 1977 This work is a result of research sponsored jointly by the Terrebonne Parish School Board and the Louisiana Sea Grant Program, a part of the National Sea Grant Program maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce. CONTENTS List of Figures List of Tables Vi Acknowledgments Beginnings of the Oil Industry 1 2 The Offshore Revolution Drilling a Wildcat Well The Petr omar ine Fleet 46 6 4.1 Tankers 4.2 Seagoing Tank Barges and Tugs ll 4.3 Inland Tank Barges and Towboats 13 4.4 Inland Drilling Barges 16 4.5 Offshore Drilling Tenders 16 4.6 Submersible Drilling Vessels 17 4.7 3ack-up DrilIing Barges 18 4.8 Semi-Submersible Drilling Vessels 19 4.9 Drill Ships 20 4.10 Crewboats 27 4.11 Supply vessels 28 4.12 Tugs 30 4.13 Derrick Barges 31 4.I4 Pipelaying Barges 31 4.15 Air Cushion Vehicles ACV! 37 Producing Oil and Gas 37 Design Procedures 44 6.1 Owner Requirements 44 6.2 Design Drawings and Specifications 45 6.3 Regulatory Agencies 49 6.4 Design Calculations 54 6.5 The Measurements of a Ship 60 6.6 Free Surface 68 6.7 Model Testing 69 Construction Procedure 70 7.1 Estimating 70 7.2 Working Plans 72 7.3 Production 74 7.4 Inspection 76 7.5 Trials and Tests 78 Delivery 80 Stability and Trim 82 9.1 Stability 82 9.2 Transverse Metacenter 86 9.3 Calculating GM 87 9.4 KM and KG 88 9. 5 Calculating the Shif t of the Center of Gravity 94 9.6 Procedure for finding VCG KG! When Loading or Discharging a Vessel 96 9.7 Stability vs. Stowage 100 9.8 Complete Solution of the Stability Problem 100 9.9 Relationship between GM Metacentric Height! and Rolling Period 102 10. Stability and Trim 102 10. 1 Trim Calculations 102 10,2 Moment to Change Trim One Inch 104 10.3 Finding How Far Weight Has Been Shifted 106 10.4 Loading or Discharging Weight 108 10.5 Stability at Large Angles of Inclination 110 10.6 Stability Characteristics An Analysis 113 Materials and Methods of Construction 115 11. 1 Mat er ial s 115 11.2 Methods of Forming Steel 116 11.3 Strength of Materials 117 11.4 Factors of Safety 118 11.5 Beams 119 11.6 Plates 120 11.7 Shapes Found in Vessel Construction 120 11.8 Welding vs. Riveting 121 11.9 Terms 122 12 Vessel Members 122 12.1 Keel 122 12.2 Floors 125 12.3 Bottom Longitudinals 125 12.4 Double Bottoms 126 12.5 Frames and Framing Systems 126 12.6 Shell Plating 129 12.7 Bulkheads 133 13 Stem, Bow, and Stern 134 13.1 Stem 134 13.2 The Bow 135 13.3 The Stern 137 13.4 Rudders 138 Decks and Deck Fittings 141 14.1 Decks 141 14.2 Terms and Deck Fittings 142 15 Ground Tackle 143 15.1 The Anchor 143 15.2 Anchor Chain 144 15.3 Anchor Windlass 148 16 Vessel Systems 152 16.1 Propulsion 152 16.2 The Steering System 157 16.3 The Bilge and Ballast System 161 16.4 The Fuel Oil System 168 16.5 Fresh Mater System 168 16.6 The Sanitary Water System 170 Bibliography 171 Appendix A Glossary 173 Appendix B Exercises 195 LIST OF Platform rig. FIGURES 3.1 Operation of a seismic boat. 3.2 Drilling bit. 3.3 Surface well equipment. 4.1 Towing winch. 21 4.2 Large river tow. 21 4.3 Push boat with barges. 22 4.4 Znland drilling barges. 22 4.5 Drilling tender. 22 4.6 Submersible drilling vessel. 22 4.7 Jack-up drilling rig. 22 4.8 How a jack-up moves into location. 22 4.9 Schematic of semi submersible drilling rig' 23 4.10 Semi-submersible anchor. 23 4.11 Moving a semi-submersible 23 4.12 The drillship Glomar II. 23 4.13 Dynamically positioned vessel. 24 4.14 Layout of Discoverer III. 24 4.15 Crewboat wheelhouse. 33 4.16 Crewboat engineroom. 33 4.17 Crewboat interior. 33 4.18 Offshore crewboat. 33 4.19 Supply boat. 34 4.20 Deck of tugt'supply vessel. 34 4.21 Tugboat. 34 4.22 A-D. Installation of offshore platform. 35-36 4.23 Operation of lay barge. 4.24 Air cushion vehicles. 36 5.1 Production platform. 42 5.2 Directional dr illing techniques. 42 5.3 Platform installation procedure. 42 5.4 Subsea production system. 43 5.5 ELF Ocean articulated column. 43 5.6 Underwater christmas tree. 43 6.1 Lines drawing. 50 6.2 Skeleton half model and terminology. 51 6.3 Midships section drawing. 52 6.4 Piping diagram. 53 6.5 Calculation of center of buoyancy. 61 6.6 Typical curves of form. 62 6.7 Deadweight scale and freeboard markings. 63 6.8 ABS load line mark and lines to be used with this mark. 7.1-7.4 Construction of the vessel begins with assembly 73 7.5-7.8 The vessel begins to take shape as the various parts are assembled on the ways. 75 NOTE: First number before decimal refers to section chapter! figure is in; numbers af ter decimal are chronological in each section, 7.9-7.12 Primary mern'bers of the vessel are visible as construction proceeds. 7.9 Keel cover. 7.10 Transverse frames in the engine room. 7.11 Bulkheads and stiff eners. 7.12 Girders, deckbeams, frames. 77 7.13-7.16 The nearly complete vessel is moved to its launching ways. Tt enters water either sideways or stern first. Final outfitting and installation often occur after the vessel has been launched. 81 9.1 Schematic of centers of gravity and buoyancy. 85 9.2 Schematic of the movementof cente of buoyancy. 85 9.3 Schematic of how a couple is formed when the vessel. rolls. 85 9.4 GZ, the righting arm, 85 9.5 Location of G in the righting arm. 85 9.6 Points that determine stabi.lity. 89 9.7 9.9 Seesaw, and with weights added at one end, and at both ends. 95 9. 10 Equal movements cause the seesaw to balance, 95 9. 11 How the movements of weights affects G. 97 9.12 The ship as a vertical seesaw. 97 9.13 How addition of weight affects G. 97 10.1 Longitudinal center of flotation. 107 10.2 Tank plan. Each tank is identified by number and by letters P port!, S starboard!, F.O. fuel oil!, Bal ballast!, and V void, an empty space!. 107 10.3 Comparison of GM 114 10.4 Comparison of GZ 114 10.5 How freeboard affects stability. 114 ll. 1 Compression, tension, shearing stress. 124 11. 2 Excessive sagging s tress. 124 ll. 3 Excessive hogging stress. 124 11. 4 Types of plate: A, furnaced; B, rolled, C, flat. 124 11.5 Various shapes in vessel construction: 1, plain angle; 2, inverted angle,' 3, bulb angle 4, T-bar; 5, T-bulb bar; 6, channel; 7, I-beam', 8, H-beam 124 12.1 Bar keel. 127 12. 2 Flat-plate keel. 127 12. 3 Bilge keel. 127 12.4 The floors. 1.27 12.5 Arrangement of floors. 127 12.6 Double-bottom tank. 130 12.7 Transverse frames. 130 12.8 Transverse framing system, 130 12.9 Longitudinal framing, steel construction 130 12.10 Methods of plating. 131 12.11 Sheer strakes. 131 12.12 Bulkhead stiffeners. 131 12.13 Cofferdam. 131 13.1 Tugboat stem. 136 13.2 Bow shapes. 136 13.3 Stern shapes. 136 13.4 Stern frame for a single screw vessel. 136 13.5 Rudder profile for a twin screw vessel. 139 13.6 Typical stern frame of a twin screw vessel. 139 13.7 Streamlined, double plate rudder. 139 13.8 Unbalanced, semi-balanced, and spade rudders. 139 15.1 Typical oil field boat anchor. 147 15.2 Di-lok anchor chain. 147 15.3 Detachable link. 147 15.4 Anchor windlass with stripping bar. 147 15.5 Arrangement of ground tackle. 151 15.6 Eductor operation. 151 16. 1 How a sail works. 156 16.2 A job adds to the effiency of the sail. 156 16.3 Propellor before installation. 156 16.4 Parts of the propellor. 156 16.5 Steering controls in wheelhouse. 162 16.6 Hand-powered steering arrangement. 162 16.7 Turning circle. The sideways movement is slighter than illustrated but has been exaggerated for clarity. 162 16.8 A E Valve types: A, globe valve; B, gate valve; C, butterfly valve; D, check valve; E, pressure- relief valve. 166 16.9 General layout of fuel oil system aboard offshore vessel: FO fuel oil!; M main engine!; CP cargo pump!; G generator!; TP transfer pump!. All valves are numbered: 3 and 4 are check valves; near valves 1 and 9, pipeline passes up through deck where a fuel hose is connected to transfer the fuel. Fuel oil piping is usually painted red.