EURO-MEDITERRANEAN RESEARCH COOPERATION ON GENDER AND SCIENCE Gender and Science – Time for Action Synthesis Report DULBEA - ULB Maria Caprile Danièle Meulders Sile O’Dorchai EURO-MEDITERRANEAN RESEARCH COOPERATION ON GENDER AND SCIENCE Gender and Science – Time for Action Synthesis Report Coordinators Maria Caprile Danièle Meulders Sile O’Dorchai DULBEA - ULB Experts Hyam Abboud Matar Islah Jad Marie Abboud Mehanna Sihem Jaziri Mirna Abboud Elia Fida’a Jibril Charbel Afif Amal Kabous Nadia Ait-Zai Ghada Karaki Muzna Ajjan Laura Khoury Mahasen Aljaghoub Souad Lahmar Marwa Amin Sonia Mallak Amina Bettachy Rachida Nafaa Anne-Marie Bruyas Faiza Ouibrahim Mirvat Bulbul Amr Radwan Zahia Cherfi Gulsun Saglamer Shahida El Baz Bahia Shaheen Amal El Kharouf Mine Tan Marie France Grangaud Najah Tanous Sara Hanafy Hayat Touchan Ahmed Hassan Flavia Zucco Manuscript completed in August 2015 SHEMERA CONSORTIUM Coordinator Université Libre de Bruxelles Belgium http://dev.ulb.ac.be/dulbea Partners Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd. for Applied Research Hungary http://www.bayzoltan.hu National Documentation Centre Greece http://www.ekt.gr Istanbul Teknik Universitesi Turkey http://www.itu.edu.tr/en/home Fondazione Idis-Città della Scienza Italy http://www.cittadellascienza.it Arab and African Research Center Egypt http://www.aarcegypt.org Academy of Scientific Research & Technology Egypt http://www.asrt.sci.eg CIDDEF Algeria http://www.ciddef-dz.com Alexandria University Egypt http://au.alexu.edu.eg University of Jordan Jordan http://www.ju.edu.jo Royal Scientific Society Jordan http://www.rss.jo Université Saint-Joseph Lebanon http://www.usj.edu.lb Université Hassan II Casablanca Morocco http://www.univh2m.ac.ma Birzeit University Palestine http://www.birzeit.edu Aleppo University Syria http://www.alepuniv.com/ Université de Carthage Tunisia http://www.ucar.rnu.tn The research leading to this report has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement No 266633 [SHEMERA – Euro-Mediterranean research cooperation on gender and science: SHE Euro-Mediterranean Research Area] This report reflects only the authors’ views. The European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Neither the SHEMERA consortium as a whole, nor a certain party of the SHEMERA consortium is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. Cairo: Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, 2014 ISBN 2014/21520 2014 SHEMERA consortium Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. List of Tables TABLE!1:!Data!availability!in!the!AMCs!..............................................................................................................................!14! TABLE!2:!Labour!force!participation!rate!by!sex!(%!of!female/male!population!aged!15Z64),!2004! and!2010!.............................................................................................................................................................................!20! TABLE!3:!Employment!rate!by!sex!(%!of!female/male!population!aged!15+),!2004,!2010!and! 2012!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!22! TABLE!4:!SelfZemployment!by!sex,!2004!and!2010!......................................................................................................!23! TABLE!5:!Unemployment!rate!by!sex,!2004!and!2010!................................................................................................!25! TABLE!6:!Youth!unemployment!rate!(15Z24)!by!sex,!2004!and!2010!..................................................................!26! TABLE!7:!Existence!of!an!R&D!Survey!................................................................................................................................!29! TABLE!8:!Compound!annual!growth!rates!of!female!researchers!in!the!Higher!Education!Sector! (HES)!by!field!of!science,!2004Z2010!.....................................................................................................................!37! TABLE!9:!Compound!annual!growth!rates!of!female!researchers!in!the!Government!Sector!(GOV)! by!field!of!science,!2004Z2010!..................................................................................................................................!38! TABLE!10:!Dissimilarity!index!for!researchers!in!the!Higher!Education!Sector!(HES),!2010!(2009! for!European!countries)!..............................................................................................................................................!38! TABLE!11:!Percentage!of!female!students!enrolled!in!the!different!fields!of!education!in!2010!..............!47! TABLE!12:!Distribution!of!female!tertiary!students!across!the!different!fields!of!education!in!2010! (Algeria:!2009)!................................................................................................................................................................!48! TABLE!13:!Distribution!of!male!tertiary!students!across!the!different!fields!of!education!in!2010!........!48! TABLE!14:!Proportion!of!female!PhD!(ISCED!6)!graduates!by!broad!field!of!study,!2010!..........................!52! TABLE!15:!Proportion!of!female!academic!staff!by!grade!and!total,!2010!.........................................................!54! TABLE!16:!Proportion!of!female!grade!A!staff!by!main!field!of!science,!2010!..................................................!56! TABLE!17:!Proportion!of!female!A!grade!staff!by!age!group,!2010!........................................................................!57! TABLE!18:!List!of!boards!considered!in!the!AMCs!to!construct!the!indicator!“Proportion!of! women!on!boards”!.........................................................................................................................................................!66! TABLE!19:!Government!bodies!responsible!for!R&D!policies!and!coZordination!in!the! Mediterranean!region,!2006!......................................................................................................................................!81! TABLE!20:!Scientific!production!in!selected!AMCs,!2008!...........................................................................................!82! ! 2 List of Figures FIGURE!1:!SHEMERA!workplan!..............................................................................................................................................!11! FIGURE!2:!Gender!gap!in!participation!rates,!2010!.......................................................................................................!20! FIGURE!3:!Women’s!labour!market!participation!according!to!their!level!of!education!..............................!21! FIGURE!4:!Gender!gap!in!employment!rates,!2010!........................................................................................................!22! FIGURE!5:!Gender!gap!in!unmployment!rates,!2010!.....................................................................................................!25! FIGURE!6:!Gender!gap!in!youth!unemployment!rates!(15Z24),!2010!....................................................................!26! FIGURE!7:!Unemployment!rate!by!level!of!education!...................................................................................................!27! FIGURE!8:!Researchers!as!a!proportion!of!the!active!population,!2010!(2009!for!EU27)!...........................!29! FIGURE!9:!Proportion!of!female!researchers,!2010!(2009!for!the!EU27)!............................................................!30! FIGURE!10:!Compound!annual!growth!rate!for!researchers!by!sex,!2004Z2010!(EU27!2002Z2009)!.....!31! FIGURE!11:!Proportion!of!female!researchers!by!sector,!2010!................................................................................!32! FIGURE!12a:!Compound!annual!growth!rate!for!researchers!in!the!Higher!Education!Sector!(HES)! by!sex,!2004Z2010!(2002Z2009!for!EU27)!..........................................................................................................!33! FIGURE!12b:!Compound!annual!growth!rate!for!researchers!in!the!Government!Sector!(GOV)!by! sex,!2004Z2010!(2002Z2009!for!EU27)!................................................................................................................!33! FIGURE!13:!Distribution!of!researchers!in!the!Higher!Education!Sector!(HES)!by!sex!and!age! group,!2010!(2009!for!Spain!and!Austria)!..........................................................................................................!34! FIGURE!14:!Distribution!of!researchers!in!the!Government!Sector!(GOV)!by!sex!and!age!group,! 2010!(2009!for!Spain!and!Austria)!.........................................................................................................................!34! FIGURE!15:!Distribution!of!researchers!in!the!Higher!Education!Sector!(HES)!across!fields!of! science,!2010!....................................................................................................................................................................!36! FIGURE!16:!Distribution!of!researchers!in!the!Government!Sector!(GOV)!across!fields!of!science,! 2010!.....................................................................................................................................................................................!37! FIGURE!17:!Distribution!of!R&D!personnel!across!occupations!for!the!Higher!Education!Sector!