CULTURA CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE CULTURA AND AXIOLOGY Founded in 2004, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of 2014 Culture and Axiology is a semiannual peer-reviewed journal devo- 1 2014 Vol XI No 1 ted to philosophy of culture and the study of value. It aims to pro- mote the exploration of different values and cultural phenomena in regional and international contexts. The editorial board encourages the submission of manuscripts based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important contribution to understan- ding the values and cultural phenomena in the contempo rary world. CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY CULTURE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL ISBN 978-3-631-65486-6 www.peterlang.com CULTURA 2014_265846_VOL_11_No1_GR_A5Br.indd.indd 1 14.05.14 17:43 CULTURA CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE CULTURA AND AXIOLOGY Founded in 2004, Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of 2014 Culture and Axiology is a semiannual peer-reviewed journal devo- 1 2014 Vol XI No 1 ted to philosophy of culture and the study of value. It aims to pro- mote the exploration of different values and cultural phenomena in regional and international contexts. The editorial board encourages the submission of manuscripts based on original research that are judged to make a novel and important contribution to understan- ding the values and cultural phenomena in the contempo rary world. CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY CULTURE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY INTERNATIONAL www.peterlang.com CULTURA 2014_265846_VOL_11_No1_GR_A5Br.indd.indd 1 14.05.14 17:43 CULTURA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF CULTURE AND AXIOLOGY Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology E-ISSN (Online): 2065-5002 ISSN (Print): 1584-1057 Advisory Board Prof. Dr. David Altman, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Chile Prof. Emeritus Dr. Horst Baier, University of Konstanz, Germany Prof. Dr. David Cornberg, University Ming Chuan, Taiwan Prof. Dr. Paul Cruysberghs, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Prof. Dr. Nic Gianan, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Philippines Prof. Dr. Marco Ivaldo, Department of Philosophy “A. Aliotta”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy Prof. Dr. Michael Jennings, Princeton University, USA Prof. Dr. Maximiliano E. Korstanje, University of Palermo, Argentina Prof. Dr. Richard L. Lanigan, Southern Illinois University, USA Prof. Dr. Christian Lazzeri, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France Prof. Dr. Massimo Leone, University of Torino, Italy Prof. Dr. Asunción López-Varela Azcárate, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain Prof. Dr. Christian Möckel, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany Prof. Dr. Devendra Nath Tiwari, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Prof. Dr. José María Paz Gago, University of Coruña, Spain Prof. Dr. Mario Perniola, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Italy Prof. Dr. Traian D. Stănciulescu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iassy, Romania Prof. Dr. Steven Tötösy de Zepetnek, Purdue University & Ghent University Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief: Co-Editors: Prof. dr. Nicolae Râmbu Prof. dr. Aldo Marroni Faculty of Philosophy and Social- Dipartimento di Lettere, Arti e Scienze Sociali Political Sciences Università degli Studi G. d’Annunzio Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, Italy B-dul Carol I, nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania [email protected] [email protected] PD Dr. Till Kinzel Executive Editor: Englisches Seminar Dr. Simona Mitroiu Technische Universität Braunschweig, Human Sciences Research Department Bienroder Weg 80, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University 38106 Braunschweig, Germany Lascar Catargi, nr. 54, 700107 Iasi, Romania [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Assistant: Dr. Marius Sidoriuc Designer: Aritia Poenaru Cultura International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology Vol. 11, No. 1 (2014) Editor-in-Chief Nicolae Râmbu Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Umschlagabbildung: © Aritia Poenaru ISSN 2065-5002 ISBN 978-3-631-65486-6 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-04760-8 (E-Book) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-04760-8 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2014 All rights reserved. Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com CONTENTS Kyung Han You & Jiha Kim 7 Marcuse’s Legacy and Foucault’s Challenge: A Critical Inquiry into the Relationship between Comedic Pleasure and the Popular Media Pedro Blas González 23 The Economics of Being: The Struggle for Existence in Prehistory Luka Zevnik 41 The Discussion about the Universality of Happiness and the Promise of Neuroscience Peter Mathews 63 The Morality Meme: Nietzsche and A Serious Man Patrizia Torricelli 83 The Cognitive Basis of Value in Grammatical Form: A Case Study of the Italian Verbs vedere volere and avere Cyril-Mary P. Olatunji 99 A Philosophical Comparison of John 1:1-18 and the Yoruba Concept of ÒrÒ Mahdi Dahmardeh, Hossein Timcheh Memar & Abbas Timcheh 113 Memar On Ethics and Culture: A Matter of Variation or Deviation? A study on Top Notch Series Adrian Nita 127 Leibniz on Spontaneity as a Basic Value Benaouda Bensaid & Fadila Grine 141 Old Age and Elderly Care: An Islamic Perspective Georg W. Oesterdiekhoff 165 Psychological Stage Development and Societal Evolution. A Completely New Foundation to the Interrelationship between Psychology and Sociology Dragos Bigu 193 The Place of Values in Scientific Knowledge 10.5840/cultura201411110 Cultura. International Journal of Philosophy of Culture and Axiology 11(1)/2014: 165î192 Psychological Stage Development and Societal Evolution. A Completely New Foundation to the Interrelationship between Psychology and Sociology Georg W. Oesterdiekhoff Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Department Sociology PO BOX 6980 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] Abstract. Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology, and Norbert Elias, the last clas- sical sociologist, based their sociologies on the idea that humankind has gone from a stage of childhood to adult stages. The essay shows that there has actually taken place a psychogenetic evolution of humankind in history. Empirical researches across the past generations, namely Piagetian and intelligence cross-cultural re- searches, have been continuing to support the idea, whether the researchers in- volved have been aware of it or not. The essay demonstrates further, that the history of society, economy, culture, law, morals, politics, customs, religion, etc. can only be described against the background of developmental psychology. Keywords: psychological stages, intelligence, social evolution, industrial society, reli- gion, democracy. STRUCTURE-GENETIC SOCIOLOGY AS FOUNDATION TO HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES This idea in question was widespread in former humanities and social sci- ences, from the era of Enlightenment up to World War II or even later. It lost its influence especially after 1945 and moreover after 1980. Today, this theory appears usually most social scientists as completely outdated, even as ridiculous. Actually, they do not have the prerequisite knowledge about the facts related, opposite to many pre-war scientists. However, well-known authors even of the past decades contributed to this idea, for example Jürgen Habermas (1976), Christopher Hallpike (1979, 2004), Charles Radding (1985), Jean Ziégler (1968), and others. I have developed an own theory program with this regard, basing on eleven books and nu- merous essays, in the past 30 years, naming it “structure-genetic sociology.” 1. Ontogenesis and history Every (!) classical author of child or developmental psychology empha- sized similarities between children and premodern humans, with regard 165 Georg W. Oesterdiekhoff / Psychological Stage Development and Societal Evolution to psyche and cognition, including morals, social affairs, and world un- derstanding: James Mark Baldwin, William Preyer, Pierre Janet, Èdouard Claparède, William Stern, Karl Bühler, Felix Krüger, Eberhard Jaensch, Karl Zeininger, Henri Wallon, Heinz Werner, Jean Piaget, etc. (Oesterdiekhoff, 2012b). Numerous and just the most prominent scholars of several hu- manities and social sciences followed this prime idea, especially in the time span 1800î1945/1980. The topos of the childlike nature of savages runs as a constant thread through 19th century literature and continues well into the 20th century. Numerous writers held to this assumption, among them early writers on child psychology such as Preyer, Sully, and Stern, who often made comparisons between savages and children. (Jahoda, 1999: 229) Jean Piaget himself evidenced the similarities between children and premodern humans regarding countless aspects covering all dimensions of world understanding and intellectual functions. Heinz Werner (1948) collected these