LECTURE NOTES Degree and Diploma Programs For Environmental Health Students Medical Bacteriology Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education September 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE Text book on Medical Bacteriology for Medical Laboratory Technology students are not available as need, so this lecture note will alleviate the acute shortage of text books and reference materials on medical bacteriology. Since it comprises most of the contents of course outline on medical bacteriology to nursing, pharmacy and environmental science students, it can be used as a main learning material to these category of students. This lecture note gives emphasis on the knowledge and procedures of medical bacteriology to common pathogens in our country. At last but not least, the quality of this lecture note is kept updated by continous comments made by users of this lecture note. Abilo Tadesse Meseret Alem i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the Carter Center, USA, for financial support for the preparation of this lecture note. Our deepest gratitude goes to Prof. Dennis Carlson for his invaluable technical and moral support for the completion of this work. We also extend our appreciation to those individuals who reviewed this lecture note in different teaching institutions for the materialization of this lecture note. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ………………………………………………………………...i Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………ii Table of Contents ....................................................................... iii List of tables .............................................................................. vii List of figures .............................................................................viii List of Abbreviation …………………………………………………..xi CHAPTER ONE 1.1. Introduction to Microbiology ................................... 1 1.2. The Microbial World ............................................... 5 1.3. Structure of bacteria ............................................ 12 1.4. Classification of bacteria ...................................... 23 1.5. Cultivation of bacteria .......................................... 33 1.6. Bacterial nutrition ……………………… ................ 47 1.7. Bacterial growth ................................................... 49 1.8. Bacterial genetics ................................................ 85 1.9. Sterilization and disinfection ................................ 92 1.10. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing ......................... 107 CHAPTER TWO Collection, transport, and examination of specimen ............... 113 iii CHAPTER THREE 3.1 Gram positive cocci .................................................... 173 3.1.1. Genus Staphylococci ...................................... 173 3.1.2. Genus Streptococci ........................................ 180 3.2 Gram positive spore forming rods ............................. 192 3.2.1. Genus Bacillus …………………… ................... 192 3.2.2. Genus Clostridium ....................................... 197 3.2.3. Gram positive Non-spore forming rods ........ 205 3.3.1. Genus Corynebacteria ..................................... 205 3.3.2. Genus Listeria .................................................. 210 3.3.3. Genus Erysipelothrix ........................................ 212 3.4 Gram negative diplococci ................................................ 213 3.4.1 Genus Neisseria ......................................... 213 3.5 Gram negative coccobacilli .............................................. 221 3.5.1 Genus Haemophilus ....................................... 221 3.5.2 Genus Bordetella ............................................. 224 3.5.3 Genus Brucella ................................................ 227 3.5.4 Genus Francissella .......................................... 229 3.5.5 Genus Pasteurella ........................................... 230 3.6 Gram negative rods ........................................................... 231 3.6.1 Genus Escherichia ................................................ 233 3.6.2. Genus Klebsiella ................................................... 235 3.6.3. Genus Enterobacter ............................................. 236 3.6.4. Genus Citrobacter ................................................ 237 3.6.5. Genus Salmonella ................................................ 237 3.6.6. Genus Shigella ..................................................... 242 3.6.7. Genus Proteus ...................................................... 244 3.6.8. Genus Yersinia ..................................................... 245 iv 3.6.9. Genus Peudomonas ............................................. 249 3.6.10 Genus Vibrios ...................................................... 252 3.6.11 Genus Campylobacter ....................................... 254 3.6.12 Genus Helicobacter ........................................... 256 3.7. Genus Mycobacteria ........................................................ 263 3.8. Spirochetes ...................................................................... 273 3.8.1.Genus Treponema ..................................................... 273 3.8.2 Genus Borellia ........................................................... 279 3.8.3 Genus Leptospira ....................................................... 281 3.9 Genus Rickettsia ............................................................... 282 3.10. Genus Mycoplasma ........................................................ 286 3.11. Genus Chlamydia ........................................................... 288 CHAPTER FOUR 4.1. Host-parasite relationship ............................................ 294 4.2. Normal microbial flora ................................................. 300 4.3. Infection of skin and wound ......................................... 304 4.4. Infection of respiratory tract ......................................... 307 4.5. Infection of gastrointestinal tract .................................. 313 4.6. Infection of urinary tract ............................................... 318 4.7. Infection of genital tract ............................................... 321 4.8. Infection of blood ......................................................... 325 4.9. Infection of central nervous system ............................ 327 4.10 Infection of bone and joint ........................................... 331 CHAPTER FIVE 5.1. Bacteriology of water ........................................................ 335 v CHAPTER SIX Food Bacteriology ................................................................... 341 Annexes .................................................................................... 375 Glossary .................................................................................. 429 References .............................................................................. 433 vi LIST OF TABLES Table1.1 The distinguishing features between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell .......................................................... 11 Table 1.2 Comparison between flagella and pili ....................... 22 Table 2.1 Differentiation of staphylococcal species ................ 180 Table 2.2 Classification based on hemolytic reaction of Streptococci ............................................................. 183 Table 2.3 Comparison of streptolysin ...................................... 185 Table 2.4 Differentiation of streptococci species ..................... 192 Table 2.5 Comparison features of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia ................................................... 219 Table 2.6 Comparison features of N.gonorrhea and N. Meningitides ........................................................... 221 Table 2.7 Comparison between tuberculoid and lepromatous Leprosy ........................................................... 267 Table 2.8 Hosts and vectors of medically impotant rickettsiae 283 Table 4.1 Characteristic of bacterial toxin ............................... 295 Table 4.2 Examples of food intoxication ................................. 317 Table 4.3 Examples of food infection ...................................... 317 Table 4.4 Causative agents and disease of