Configurações 17 (2016) Sociedade, Autoridade e Pós-memórias ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Jeffrey Andrew Barash Virtual experience, collective memory, and the configuration of the public sphere through the mass media. The example of Ex-Yugoslavia ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Aviso O conteúdo deste website está sujeito à legislação francesa sobre a propriedade intelectual e é propriedade exclusiva do editor. 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Referência eletrônica Jeffrey Andrew Barash, « Virtual experience, collective memory, and the configuration of the public sphere through the mass media. The example of Ex-Yugoslavia », Configurações [Online], 17 | 2016, posto online no dia 30 Junho 2016, consultado o 02 Julho 2016. URL : http://configuracoes.revues.org/2886 Editor: Centro de Investigação em Ciências Sociais http://configuracoes.revues.org http://www.revues.org Documento acessível online em: http://configuracoes.revues.org/2886 Documento gerado automaticamente no dia 02 Julho 2016. A paginação não corresponde à paginação da edição em papel. © CICS Virtual experience, collective memory, and the configuration of the public sphere through (...) 2 Jeffrey Andrew Barash Virtual experience, collective memory, and the configuration of the public sphere through the mass media. The example of Ex-Yugoslavia Paginação da edição em papel : p. 11-29 1 In its different manifestations in our contemporary mass societies, the public realm has undergone a series of fundamental transformations over the course of the past century. A comparison of the present-day organization of the public realm with that which predominated among earlier generations, above all prior to World War II, illustrates that these changes correspond to metamorphoses in the mass media: the televisual image, the internet, the world wide web and accompanying types of digital technology, in their ubiquity and familiarity, lend pattern to the public sphere in its contemporary form. Through illustrations drawn from the Bosnian and Kosovo conflicts of the 1990s, this article focuses on mutations in the modes of organization of public experience and public memory that have emerged over the past decades. According to its central argument, the great technical advances of mass communications have brought forth their uncanny capacity to simulate direct experience through images while dissimulating the gap which separates communicated information from the immediate life world in which it originates. In this framework, the format of mass communications has become a principle contemporary source of public visibility, indeed of an iconic status which, as it is publicly conveyed and remembered, is readily translated into mass celebrity and novel contemporary forms of public influence. 2 Au cours du 20ème siècle, le domaine public a subi toute une série de modifications qui sont dans un étroit rapport avec les transformations des médias de masse. Dans le monde contemporain, c'est l'image télévisuelle, internet, le world wide web et les différents types de technologie digitale, dans leur familiarité et leur ubiquité, qui donnent une configuration à l'espace public. Cet article s'interroge sur les mutations dans les modes d'organisation de l'expérience et de la mémoire publique en mettant en relief la manière dont les médias de masse sélectionnent, organisent et transmettent le reportage des événements en leur accordant une visibilité publique. Cette analyse prend comme base empirique le exemple concret fournit par les guerres des Balkans des années 1990. 3 The public realm comprises a system of organization of collective experience and collective remembrance as it is projected to lend pattern to shared events in the future. In its different manifestations in our contemporary mass societies, the public realm has undergone a series of fundamental transformations over the course of the past century. A comparison of the present- day organization of the public realm with that which predominated among earlier generations, above all prior to World War II, illustrates that these changes in the public sphere correspond to metamorphoses in the mass media: in unprecedented ways, the televisual image, the internet, the world wide web and accompanying types of digital technology, in their ubiquity and familiarity, lend pattern to the public sphere in its contemporary form. 4 In the following pages I will examine this mutation in the modes of organization of public experience and public remembrance by focusing above all on the ways in which the mass media select, articulate and transmit reported events. In the course of my analysis I will illustrate this theoretical reflection by means of a concrete example: the Bosnian and Kosovo conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. In the mediatized representations these and other forms of what are customarily characterized as current events or “breaking news”, the role of the media is not limited to selection, configuration, and communication of events; they also confer public significance on events while interweaving Configurações, 17 | 2016 Virtual experience, collective memory, and the configuration of the public sphere through (...) 3 them into the broader web of what may be collectively recalled. In conferring public significance in this manner, the media organize the ways of collectively experiencing and remembering through which the public sphere is shaped; transformations in the media and in their ways of patterning collective experience and remembrance bring about corresponding metamorphoses in this function through which the public sphere is shaped. To identify what I take to be modifications in the modes of collective experience and remembrance brought by changes in the media, we must in preliminary fashion clarify the terms “collective experience” and “collective remembrance” themselves and then more closely examine the dynamics through which the mass media lend them pattern in contemporary mass societies. I. Since collectivities have no substantial being independent of the individuals who compose them, they can never be said to “remember” in any strict sense of the term. According to its primary signification, remembrance is carried out in the original sphere of the self and may be shared and communicated where it occurs among groups. Original experience and remembrance concerns people and things, events and situations as they actually present themselves in a direct encounter, so to speak, “in the flesh”. My understanding of this term draws on phenomenological theory, above all of Edmund Husserl, who equated original experience with what he termed “experience in the flesh in a given living present” (“leibhafte Erfahrung in einer jeweiligen lebendigen Gegenwart”).1 In its full sense, this signifies not only the perception of persons or things as single objects, but above all an encounter with them as they are given in the horizon of a surrounding world. The foreground upon which the observer focuses in such direct encounters presupposes a background, the plenitude of an accompanying context which is simultaneously given, even where the observer pays no attention to it. Where it is not explicitly noticed and stands at the horizon of the direct theme of attention, its passive presence may in many cases be made a topic of recall where an effort is made to retrieve it. 5 On the level of events that are of public significance, direct “in the flesh” experience and recollection are rare, and in such cases they usually concern a very small number of individuals who were direct actors in, or eye-witnesses to the events. Where members of a community, as vast as it may be, share remembrances of what can be publicly communicated through word, image and gesture, this remembrance is generally indirect. In attributing to recollection of in the flesh encounters the status of original remembrance, I in no way intend to claim that such remembrance would somehow recall the “reality” of what is encountered, if this is taken to mean that it might be experienced independently of the singular perspective of