Cambridge University Press 0521592542 - Volcanoes and the Environment Edited by Joan Marti and Gerald Ernst Index More information Index aa 27 blueschist 134, 138 crust accidental ejecta 61 bole 214 continental 4, 126, 143 accretionary prism 134 bomb 61, 231, 396 oceanic 4, 41, 129, 133, Fig. 1.43 acid rain 277 brine, geothermal 325 crystal mush 2 active continental margin 5, 130 Brito-Arctic flood basalt 207 C–T extinction active volcanoes 2, Fig. 1.1 broken formation see tectonic (Cenomanian–Turonian) 220 adiabatic 17 melange cycle aerosol 126, 160–168, 209, 276, bubbles 15, 31, 32 geological 121, 144, Fig. 4.1 278 bud 236 magma 143; see also Lachlan Fold African Rift Valley 5, 42, 130, 131, buoyancy, neutral 20 Belt 135 aircraft hazards 65, 69, 451 caldera 43, 47, 103, Fig. 1.50 dacite 13 Andean margin 132 Canary Islands 43, 259 death toll of volcanism see mortality andesite 13 carbon dioxide, volcanic hazard of related to volcanism anomaly, magnetic 5 282, 285 debris avalanche 44, 46, 62, 231 arc, island 5, 7, 129 cat litter 400 Decade Volcanoes 428 arc, volcanic 129 Cerro Galan´ Volcano 49 Deccan Traps 10, 165, 211, Fig. 7.3 Archean 137 chamber, magma 20, 21–25, 91, 93, decompression melting 17, Fig. 1.14; arthropods 254; see also fallout, 105 see also magma, generation arthropod chemolithoautotrophs 157, 189, deposit ash 231, 288, 387, 396 200 Ni–Cu ore 304, 336 health effects 288, 293 chemoorganoheterotrophs 152 precious metal 345–355 respirable 289 Chicago School see dominant surge 391 ash flow tuff see ignimbrite approach volcano-associated massive sulfide aspect ratio 28 chimney 156, 180 (VMS) 355–380 assessment Chicxulub Crater 208 volcanoclastic 365 geothermal 318 Clark Base 454; see also Mt. Pinatubo Dieng Plateau 284 hazard 71, 299, 425, 441 climate 67, 145, 152, 156, 180 differentiation, magmatic 92 asthenosphere 4 climax 237, 242 disaster effects 441 atmosphere 126, 152, 175–201 collapse discharge rate 27, 28, 37 avalanche, debris 44, 46, 62, pit 30 disseminated Ni–Cu ore deposit 333 231 sector 46 dome 293, 389 Azores 280, Fig. 14.9 collision, continental 131 classification Fig. 1.29 233 colonization 233, 237, 256, 257, dominant approach 413, 415–420 back arc basin 7, 130 266 downwelling 142 ballooning 262; see also fallout, Columbia River flood basalt province drilling 308, 322 arthropod 166 mud 387 Bandai-type eruption 47 continental crust 4, 126, 143 dust veil 157, 200 banded iron formation 128 cooling, climate 156, 180, 207; see dyke swarm 210 basalt 13, 25, 29, 92, 133 also volcanic winter basalt plateau see Flood Basalt core, Earth 2 earthquake see seismic activity Benioff Zone 7, Fig. 1.6 correlation spectrometer (COSPEC) East Africa Rift Zone see African Rift bentonite 399 275 Valley Bezimianny-type eruption 46 costs of disasters East Pacific Rise 22, 31, 39 Big Five, the 207 direct 441, 446–452 Eastern Snake River Plain see Bishop tuff 66 indirect 441, 452–456 Yellowstone blast, lateral 62; see also Mount St. coulee 28 economic impact of eruptions Helens coupling 2 444–458 block 231 Crater Lake 277–280 ejecta, juvenile 61 blowdown 232, 286 craton 140 Emeishan basalts 207 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521592542 - Volcanoes and the Environment Edited by Joan Marti and Gerald Ernst Index More information INDEX 469 Emperor Seamount Chain 9, Fig. 1.8 energy intraplate volcanism see hotspot Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) electrical 305, 306 Io 121 427 environmental factors 323–330 island arc 5, 7, 129 epithermal precious metal deposit non-electrical 304 345–355 reservoirs 308–315 jokulhlaup¨ 64 erosion, thermal 335 geothermometry 99, 320 eruption geophysics 321 Kambalda Mining Camp 338; see also Plinian 34, Fig. 1.33 glass, volcanic 98 Ni–Cu deposit Strombolian 32 global warming 152, 167, 175, 211 Karoo Volcanic Province 219 Surtseyan, Fig. 1.41, Fig. 1.42, 10, gold, precipitation 354 Kilauea 25, 49, 285, 306 39 Gran Canaria 43 Krakatau 157, 256, 258, 267 Vulcanian, Fig. 1.32, 8, 33 greenhouse effect see global warming komatiite 138, 140, 334–345 Etna, Mt. 260, 433 model 343 evolution ground deformation 113, 327 ore deposit 336 atmosphere 126, 152, 175–201 K–T boundary (Cretaceous–Tertiary) Earth 123, 125; see also geological hackly flows 29 207, 211 cycle Hawaii 9, 259, 460, Fig. 1.46 exhalite 361 hazard Laboratory Volcanoes 430 exoskeleton 254, 265 aircraft 65, 69, 451 Lachlan Fold Belt 135–137, 145 experiments assessment 71, 299, 425, 441 lahar 63, 65, 289, 293 analogue 101 direct 61, 406 health effects 275 scale 101 indirect 64 Laki 157, 167, 190, 209, 282 exsolution level 95 heat flow 305, 322 lapilli 231, 396 extension 131, 134; see also plate heat loss, rate of 26 Large Igneous Province (LIP) 10, boundary, divergent hotspot 8, 19, 25, 130, Fig. 1.7 Fig. 1.9; see also flood basalt extinction event hot spring 153, 177, 326 lateral blast 62; see also Mount St. Cenomanian–Turonian (C–T) 220 Human Development Index 423 Helens Maokouan 215 hummock 44, 46 lava Toarcian 219 hyaloclastite 39, 127 cooling 26 Triassic–Jurassic (T–J) 218 hydration 2 dome 28, 293, 389 hydrofracturing 309 flow 25, 64 fallout, arthropod 258, 266, 268 hydrothermal ore deposit see lake 32, 43 fall processes 61 epithermal precious metal tube 27 fatalities see mortality related to deposit tunnel 27 volcanism hydrothermalism 155, 179, 345, 358 velocity 25, 37 flake tectonics 139 lithification 334–345 lava-fountains flood 63 system 155, 179, 364 subaerial 25, 29, 32, 209 flood basalt 10, 131, 165, 211, Fig. 7.2 hyperthermophiles 152, 175–201 submarine 39, Fig. 1.40 flow processes 61 laze 285 flow, pyroclastic 36, 62, 102, Ice Age 146 life, origin of 175, 200 237 Iceland 9, 157, 189 lithification, hydrothermal 334–345 forecast 72 ignimbrite 38, 286 lithosphere 4 fragmentation level 32, 96 impact event 124, 165, 207, 213 Loihi 9; see also Hawaii fugitive species 266, 268 inclusions, melt 100 fuller’s earth 401 insects 254 maar 45 furnas 280, Fig. 14.9 International Association of magma Volcanology and Chemistry of chamber 20, 21–25, 91, 93, 105 gabbro 42 the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI) cycle 143; see also Lachlan Fold Belt Galeras Volcano 294 421, 428 composition 11, 16, 92 geological cycle 121, 144, Fig. 4.1 International Decade for Natural degassing 13, 31, 32, 107 geothermal Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) fragmentation 31, 34, 38, 96, 102 assessment 318 290, 416 generation 15, 16, 92 brine 325 International Strategy for Disaster temperature 14, 307 efficent 326 Reduction (ISDR) 430 viscosity 14–15 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521592542 - Volcanoes and the Environment Edited by Joan Marti and Gerald Ernst Index More information 470 INDEX magmatic ore deposit 334–345 obduction 133 R factor 343 magnetic anomaly 5 oceanic crust 4, 41, 129, 133, Fig. 1.43 Rabaul Caldera 447 mantle 4, 16 Ontong–Java Plateau 10 radical alternatives 413 plume see hotspot ophiolite 41, 133, 143 Rainier, Mt. Fig. 1.5 Maokouan extinction event 215 ore, deposit 333 Rakata Volcano 256, 258; see also Mare flood basalt 123 ore, massive 338 Krakatau margin overpressure, magma chamber 105 Rayleigh–Taylor instability 23 active continental 5, 130 recolonization 233, 237, 256, 257, 266 convergent 5, 130 pahoehoe 28 recruitment, plant 239 Mars 124, 159, 200 Parana` Province 220 repose period 94 Masaya Volcano 275 partition coefficient 343 resource base 315, 420 mass extinctions 165, 207–222 partitioning, metals 343 Reynolds number 26 massive ore 338 Peléean dome 28 rhyolite 13, 396 massive sulfide deposit 343 perennating organ 231 Rift Valley, African 5, 42, 130, 131, Mauna Kea 259; see also Hawaii peridotite 16, 42 135 Mauna Loa 43, 259; see also Hawaii perlite 395 rift volcanism 4 melt lens 22 permeability 320 ‘‘Ring of Fire” 2, 282, 306 melting 16 phenocryst 98 roll-back 132, 145 decompression 17, Fig. 1.14; see also phreatomagmatic eruption 102 Roza Flow 166 magma, generation pillow lava 29, 127, Fig. 1.30 partial 19, 92 Pinatubo, Mt. 76, 159, 200, 291, 445 safe site 240 mercury 123 pioneer species 237 sagduction 140 mid-Atlantic ridge 23, 31 plant recruitment 239 scaling, drill 325 mid-ocean ridge 5, 12, 22, 41, 129 plate, lithospheric Fig. 1.1 scoria 396 Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB) 12, plate boundary seafloor spreading see mid-ocean 18, 129 convergent 4, 6 ridge Milankovitch cycle 145 divergent 4, 131 sector collapse 46 mitigation 70, 299, 458 transform 4 seismic activity 2, 114 model, eruptive 108 plate motion 9 selfsealing see hydrothermal modeling 101, 104–115 plate tectonics 2, 121, 124, 138–144, lithification Moho 133, Fig. 1.43 146, Fig. 1.1 sheet flow 29 monitoring Pliny shield volcano 42 geochemical 114, 275 the Elder 1 Siberian Traps 216–218 Geophysical 72–74, 108 the Younger 1, 34, 296 silicification 374 monogenetic volcano 45 plume silicosis 289, 293 Monoun, Lake 284 eruption 35 slump 43 montmorillonite 399 mantle see hotspot smoker 156, 180, 356, Fig. 12.39 Montserrat 58, 293, 444 Poas´ Volcano 274 solfataric field 153, 176 Moon 123 polygenetic volcano 46 solidus 16, 18 mortality related to volcanism Popocatépetl 275 Soufrière Hills see Montserrat 405 Pozzolana 387, 392 spatter 26 Motmot Island 260 Precambrian 137 species mudflow see lahar Proterozoic 142 fugitive 266, 268 P–T boundary (Permian–Triassic) 216 pioneer 237 Namibian Province 220 pumice 387, 388, 391 spectrometer, correlation (COSPEC) neogeoaeolian 259 pyrite 359 275 neutral buoyancy 20, 93 pyroclast 25, 96 spilitization 373 Nevado del Ruiz 74, 290, 442, 464 pyroclastic flow 36, 62, 102, 231 spinifex texture 335 Newark Flood Basalt 218 surges 36, 62, 286, 391 spreading Ni–Cu deposit 336 health effects 287 rate of 5, 146 nodule 16 seafloor 146; see also mid-ocean North Atlantic Igneous Province quartz, vuggy 333 ridge 207 quiescent see effusive St.