THE ONCE AND FUTURE CATHEDRAL ??? A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY BY PATRICIA ANN ALLAN UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY 2017 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated, in loving remembrance, to two remarkable people, whose traces remain in my head and heart, as well as through the pages of this thesis. The Ven. Lynda Patterson 1974-2014 Lynda was the first female Dean of Christchurch. Her theological insights, superb preaching and robust Irish humour helped to guide the Church and Cathedral people through the hard post-earthquake journey. Thank you, Lynda. You are an integral part of the once and future Christ Church Cathedral. Professor Patrick McAllister 1948-2016 Patrick’s gentle encouragement and wisdom shaped my anthropological education for over ten years. He was my senior supervisor throughout this doctoral project and his penetrating questions helped me to clarify my objectives. Thank you, Patrick. Without you this thesis would not exist. CONTENTS Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. i Glossary ............................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... iv Chapter One: The Thesis Overview .............................................................................. 1 Preface ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter outline .................................................................................................................................... 3 An Anthropologist at Home: Connections and Challenges .................................................................. 5 The University Study Journey .......................................................................................................... 7 Change of Direction ......................................................................................................................... 8 The Two Phases of the Project and My Research Questions ............................................................. 10 Finding Answers: The Research Methods .......................................................................................... 11 Gaining Ethical Consent ................................................................................................................. 11 Participant Observation ................................................................................................................. 14 Collection and Perusal of Numerous Media Articles, Letters and Websites ................................. 14 Finding out Cathedral Contents and What Happened to Them .................................................... 15 Interviews, Focus Groups and Questionnaire for Phase One of My Research .............................. 16 Interviews for Phase Two ............................................................................................................... 16 Personal Problematic Issues .............................................................................................................. 17 Literature review and analytical tools ............................................................................................... 20 ‘First the Earthquake, Then the Disaster’ ..................................................................................... 20 ‘Let These Stones Speak’: The Cathedral’s Symbolic and Discursive Power ................................. 22 Introducing the Significant Discourses ............................................................................................... 30 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter Two: Providing a Context- The Stage of the Drama .................................... 40 A Brief History of the Church of England ....................................................................................... 40 British Colonisation in New Zealand .......................................................................................... 45 The Canterbury Association and the Founding of Christchurch .............................................. 45 Finding a Bishop ........................................................................................................................... 47 Building the Necessary Cathedral ............................................................................................... 49 Cathedral Square .............................................................................................................................. 51 Christ Church Cathedral Pre-earthquake ........................................................................................... 53 Some Previous Cathedral Disputes ................................................................................................. 55 Relationships Between the Cathedral, the City, and Beyond ............................................................ 57 The Earthquakes and Effects on the Cathedral ................................................................................. 60 Previous Earthquakes .................................................................................................................. 60 04 September 2010 ..................................................................................................................... 62 26 December 2010 ...................................................................................................................... 63 22 February 2011 ......................................................................................................................... 64 13 June 2011 ................................................................................................................................. 71 23 December 2011 ....................................................................................................................... 72 Other Rebuilt Cathedrals ................................................................................................................. 73 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Chapter Three: The Actors: people and groups caught up in the Drama ................ 76 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 76 The major Actors in the Cathedral controversy ................................................................................. 78 The Governmental Groups ............................................................................................................... 81 Central Government: significant legislation .................................................................................. 82 Christchurch City Council (CCC) .................................................................................................. 84 The Judiciary ................................................................................................................................. 86 Historic Places and Heritage New Zealand................................................................................. 86 The Anglican Church and its Groups .................................................................................................. 87 The International Anglican Communion .................................................................................... 88 Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia....................................................... 89 The Anglican Diocese of Christchurch ........................................................................................ 90 Cathedral Staff .............................................................................................................................. 92 Protesting Groups ............................................................................................................................. 94 Other Significant Players ................................................................................................................. 98 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 99 Chapter Four: Wrinkles Appear in the Social Fabric .............................................. 101 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 101 Lead-Ups to the Cathedral Controversy .......................................................................................... 104 What to Do With the Cathedral? ................................................................................................ 108 Cathedral Declared Dangerous.................................................................................................