Blumea 62, 2018: 230–239 ISSN (Online) 2212-1676 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.62.03.05 The genus Gynochthodes (Rubiaceae) in Sumatra Suratman1 Key words Abstract A study of Gynochthodes from Sumatra is presented. Eight species can be recognized, i.e., G. coria- cea, G. jackiana, G. lanuginosa, G. leparensis, G. rigida, G. sublanceolata, G. suratmanii, and G. umbellata. An Gynochthodes identification key to the species is provided and detailed descriptions, synonymy, taxonomic notes, and an index Rubiaceae to specimen collections of the taxa are given. Natural history notes, including distribution and ecology, vernacular Sumatra names and uses are also included. taxonomy Published on 19 February 2018 INTRODUCTION Study of Gynochthodes in Sumatra was first done by Miquel (1860) who included one previously known species G. coria- Gynochthodes Blume is one of the 611 genera belonging cea and proposed one new species, G. sublanceolata Miq. to the Rubiaceae Juss. (Govaerts et al. 2015). The genus Since that time, there has been no comprehensive study of was first described by Blume (1826) with one species, Gy- the genus for the whole region of Sumatra and therefore this nochthodes coriacea Blume, from Java. The genus currently study of the genus Gynochthodes for this island was under- consists of at least 93 species, mostly lianas, distributed in taken. During the treatment of the genus Morinda in Suma- tropical Asia, the Pacific, tropical Australia, and Madagascar tra, two new lianescent species were published (Suratman (Razafimandimbison & Bremer 2011). The presence of raphide 2011), which later were transferred to Gynochthodes (Wong idioblasts, valvate corolla aestivation and often heterostylous & Razafimandimbison 2015). Sumatran specimens annotated flowers points to a position within subfamily Rubioideae and identified as Morinda were found in various herbaria whose (Razafimandimbison et al. 2008). It has been grouped in the habit and reproductive structures showed that they are better tribe Morindeae together with Appunia Hook.f., Coelospermum placed in Gynochthodes. The Sumatran species of Gynoch- Blume, Morinda L., Pogonolobus F.Muell., and Siphonandrium thodes are here described and some are illustrated. There K.Schum. (Razafimandimbison et al. 2009). The members of are eight species of Gynochthodes in Sumatra, i.e., G. coria- tribe Morindeae are characterized by having massive T-shaped cea, G. jackiana, G. lanuginosa, G. leparensis, G. rigida, G. sub- placentae inserted in the middle of the septum with two ana- lanceolata, G. suratmanii, and G. umbellata. Gynochthodes tropous ovules per carpel and pyrenes with a single lateral coriacea is the most widespread species whereas G. leparensis germination slit (Igersheim & Robbrecht 1993).The tribe is is possibly endemic. additionally characterized by the frequent occurrence of head- The present work is based on the specimens kept in Herbarium like inflorescences and multiple fruits. The multiple fruits are Bogoriense (BO), Java, and Herbarium of Andalas University composed of two to many fully to basally fused drupaceous (ANDA), West Sumatra, Indonesia. Some specimens of Gyno- (fleshy) fruits which are derived from ovaries of the adjacent chthodes from surroundings areas such as Malay Peninsula, flowers (Razafimandimbison et al. 2012). Gynochthodes can Java, and Borneo were also studied for comparison, especially be recognized from other Morindeae genera by the following for the widespread species. Specimens from other herbaria characters: inflorescences that are not paniculate bearing seen as photo images are indicated with *. small flowers, corolla tubes that are 0.7–5.5 mm long, and corolla lobes that are 1.5–11.0 mm long (Razafimandimbison et al. 2009). Zollinger & Moritzi (1845) separated Guttenbergia TAXONOMIC TREATMENT Zoll. & Moritzi from Morinda based on its pyrene (in having 2 pyrenes, 2 locular in each pyrene), but Razafimandimbison Gynochthodes Blume & Bremer (2011) included Guttenbergia as new synonym for Gynochthodes Blume (1826) 993; DC. (1830) 467; Korth. (1851) 230; Miq. Gynochthodes, which is followed here. (1857) 313; (1869) 244; Hook.f. (1880) 160; Backer & Bakh.f. (1965) 349; Razafimandimbison et al. (2009) also discussed the circum- Puff et al. (2005) 156; Razafim. & B.Bremer (2011) 286. — Type: Gynoch- scription of Gynochthodes in a wider sense to accommodate thodes coriacea Blume. Guttenbergia Zoll. & Moritzi (1845) 2; Razafim. & B.Bremer (2011) 286. — all lianescent species of Morinda with small flowers in order to Type: Guttenbergia umbellata (L.) Zoll. & Moritzi. make Morinda monophyletic based on molecular phylogenetic Tetralopha Hook.f. (1870) 57, t. 1072; Razafim. & B.Bremer (2011) 286. — assessment. Recently, the vast majority of lianescent species Type: Tetralopha motleyi Hook.f. of Morinda which have multiple fruits were formally transferred Imantina Hook.f. (1873) 120; Razafim. & B.Bremer (2011) 286. — Type: to Gynochthodes; the necessary, nomenclatural changes were Imantina deplanchei Hook.f. made by Razafimandimbison & Bremer (2011). Slender lianas, rarely shrubs. Branchlets subterete to sub- quadrangular, glabrous or hirsute or pubescent, usually slightly 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central sulcate. Stipules interpetiolar, glabrous or hirsute or pubescent. Java, Indonesia; e-mail: [email protected]. Leaves petiolate, deccusate, penninerved, with or without © 2018 Naturalis Biodiversity Center You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Suratman: The genus Gynochthodes in Sumatra 231 domatia in axils of secondary veins on leaf abaxial surface, DESCRIPTIONS chartaceous to more or less coriaceous. Inflorescences mostly terminal or axillary or sometimes terminal on axillary (lateral) 1. Gynochthodes coriacea Blume shoots, consisting of quite congested few- to many-flowered Gynochthodes coriacea Blume (1826) 993; DC. (1830) 467; Miq. (1857) 313; cymes (fascicles) or flowering heads arranged in pseudo- (1860) 548; (1869) 244; Backer & Bakh.f. (1965) 349. — Lectotype (desig- umbels (umbell-like), pseudo-umbels consisting of 2–11 flower- nated here): Blume s.n. (L L0057744*), Indonesia, Java. ing heads, each head with c. 2–40 flowers, peduncles thin subquadrangular, glabrous or occasionally puberulent, slightly Slender lianas. Branchlets subquadrangular to quadrangular sulcate to sulcate. Flowers polygamous (bisexual and function- when young and becoming subterete to terete with age, bark ally unisexual) or dioecious, 4- or 5-merous, mostly completely glabrous, slightly sulcate, pale when dry. Stipules broadly to basally fused when clustered in heads, sessile or pedicellate; triangular, connate along one or both edges, apex truncate calyx limb tubular, truncate, glabrous; calyx lobes none to dis- or obtuse or acute, glabrous, membranous to subcoriaceous, tinct (4 or 5); corolla tube glabrous on both sides in mature open veins slightly raised inside but distinct outside. Leaves: petiole flowers but lanuginose inside in immature bud flowers, shorter subquadrangular or subterete, flattened on the upper side, than corolla lobes, rarely as long as or longer than corolla glabrous, 10–20 by 2–5 mm; lamina ovate or obovate-elliptic lobes; corolla throat lanuginose; corolla lobes 4 or 5, valvate to elliptic-lanceolate, 7–14 by 2.5–8 cm, apex shortly acumi- in bud, reflexed in open flowers, with incurved top, glabrous nate, margin entire and glabrous, base acute and narrowed on both sides; stamens 4 or 5, inserted in corolla throat, partly into petiole, glabrous on both sides, coriaceous, drying dark exserted; filaments thin, glabrous, subbasifixed or dorsifixed brown to pale greyish brown below and dark or medium brown below the middle of the anther; anthers elliptic or lanceolate or above; midrib prominent below and slightly grooved above; linear-lanceolate or oblong to linear-lanceolate; style filiform, secondary veins 4–9 pairs, slender, flat to slightly raised thin, subterete to terete; stigma bilobe, lobes oblong, exserted; both sides, glabrous, forming an intramarginal nerve, domatia ovary inferior, with longitudinal false dissepiment separating the present in the axils of secondary veins; tertiary veins indistinct ovules, ovaries of all flowers of a head basally to completely below and prominent above, glabrous. Inflorescences fascicu- fused, 2–4-celled, ovules 1 in each cell. Infructescences in late, mostly axillary or sometimes terminal on axillary (lateral) pseudo-umbels or fascicles, pseudo-umbels consisting of shoots, consisting of 2–5 flowers; peduncles subquadrangular 2–11 fruiting heads, fruitlets of fruiting head fused a syncarp or subterete, 5–10 by 0.5–1 mm, glabrous, smooth or slightly