10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, University of Melbourne, February 1999 Additional Papers John A Lewis (Editor) Maritime Platforms Division Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory DSTO-GD-0287 ABSTRACT This volume contains nineteen papers from the 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, held at the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia, in February 1999. The scope of the congress was to enhance scientific understanding of the processes and prevention of chemical and biological degradation of materials in the sea. Papers in this volume range across the themes of marine biofilms and bioadhesion, macrofouling processes and effects, methods for prevention of marine fouling, biocides in the marine environment, biodeterioration of wood in the sea, and marine corrosion. RELEASE LIMITATION Approved for public release Published by DSTO Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory 506 Lorimer St Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207 Australia Telephone: (03) 9626 7000 Fax: (03) 9626 7999 © Commonwealth of Australia 2001 AR-011-880 May 2001 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, University of Melbourne, February 1999 Additional Papers Executive Summary The fouling and corrosion of vessels and structures immersed in the sea continues to pose significant economic and operational costs to the owner. Fouling growth can interfere with the operation of submerged equipment, impose increased loading stresses and accelerate corrosion on marine structures, and adversely affect the performance of ships by increasing hydrodynamic drag, which necessitates the use of more power and fuel to move the ship through the water. Similarly, marine corrosion and biodegradation of materials can compromise the operation and structural integrity of vessels, structures and other immersed equipment. To enhance protection against fouling and corrosion would generate significant savings in both the maintenance and operation of maritime platforms and equipment. The first International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling was held in France in 1964, and the Congress has continued to be held at approximately four year intervals since. Over this time the Congress has become the foremost international scientific conference on the chemical and biological degradation of materials in the sea, and brings together scientists from academia, industry, defence and other government organisations to present and discuss recent scientific developments in understanding and combating the degradation of materials, structures and the performance of vessels in the marine environment. The inaugural U.S./Pacific Rim Workshop on Emerging Non-Metallic Materials for the Marine Environment was held in Hawaii in 1997. Recognising the increasing pressures to reduce the costs of building and operating ships and the need to reduce or eliminate materials potentially toxic to shipbuilders, ships’ crews, and the environment, the workshop was organised to highlight the problems to be solved, the new materials available to address these needs, and areas where further research was needed The 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, and the 2nd U.S./Pacific Rim Workshop on Emerging Non-Metallic Materials for the Marine Environment, were brought together at the University of Melbourne, in Melbourne, Australia, in February 1999. Close to 200 delegates from 24 countries attended, and 118 papers were presented in sessions on Biofilms and Bioadhesion, Chemical Mediation of Fouling in Natural Systems, Macrofouling and Macrofouling Processes, Prevention of Fouling, Regulation of Antifouling Practices, Antifouling Biocides in the Environment, Transport of Marine Species on Ship Hulls, Biodeterioration of Wood, and Marine Corrosion and Corrosion Control. Twenty-two selected papers form the congress were published in a special issue of the journal Biofouling in June 2000. An additional 19 papers are presented in this publication. Editor John A. Lewis Maritime Platforms Division John Lewis graduated from the University of Melbourne with a BSc (Hons) degree in 1975 and a MSc degree in 1977, both in marine biology. In 1977 he was recruited by DSTO to work within the Marine Environment Group of the then Materials Research Laboratory in Maribyrnong. He has remained with DSTO since, with primary research interests in marine biofouling and its prevention, and the effects of RAN activities on the marine environment. John is currently a Senior Research Scientist within the Maritime Platforms Division of DSTO’s Aeronautical & Maritime Research Laboratory, and manages tasks addressing new, environmentally acceptable methods of biofouling control, environmental compliance of naval vessels, and other environmental aspects of navy operations. ____________________ ________________________________________________ Contents 1. PREFACE ........................................................................................................................1 2. BIOFILMS & BIOADHESION ......................................................................................... 4 Nano-indentation Measurements of the Marine Bacteria Sphingomonas paucimobilis using the Atomic Force Microscope ............................................ 5 3. MACROFOULING PROCESSES................................................................................... 16 Macrofouling Role of Mussels in Italian Seas: A Short Review.............................. 17 Macrofouling of an Oceanographic Buoy in the Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)....................................................................................................... 33 Effects of Fouling Organisms on the Water Quality of a Nuclear Power Plant Cooling System ...................................................................................................... 59 4. PREVENTION OF FOULING......................................................................................... 72 Controlling Biofouling on Ferry Hulls with Copper-Nickel Sheathing ................ 73 Antifouling from Nature: Laboratory Test with Balanus amphitrite Darwin on Algae and Sponges ................................................................................................ 88 Electromagnetic Antifouling Shield (EMAS) - A Promising Novel Antifouling Technique for Optical Systems........................................................................... 98 Properties of a Titanium Nitride Electrode and its Application for Electrochemical Prevention of Marine Biofouling........................................ 111 Electrochemical Prevention of Diatom Adhesion and Direct Estimation of Diatom Viability using TO-PRO-1 Iodide...................................................... 123 Development of a New Antifouling Paint Based on a Novel Zinc Acrylate Copolymer............................................................................................................. 131 5. ANTIFOULING BIOCIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT ......................................... 146 The Legacy of 110 Years of Dockyard Operations .................................................... 147 The Effects of Changes in Environmental Parameters on the Release of Organic Booster Biocides from Antifouling Coatings ................................................. 157 6. BIODETERIORATION OF WOOD............................................................................. 171 Recent Marine Wood Preservation Research in Australia ...................................... 172 Copper-Chromium-Arsenic Levels in Barnacles Growing on Timber Marine Piles ..196 7. MARINE CORROSION & CORROSION CONTROL............................................ 211 Probabilistic Modelling of Marine Immersion Corrosion of Steels ..................... 212 Physico-Chemical Modelling for the Prediction of Seawater Metal Corrosion.. 222 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steels and their Weldments in Marine Environments: An Overview.............................................................. 229 Rapid Assessment of the Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Alloys in Seawater............................................................................................................ 237 Electrochemical Control of Fouling and Corrosion in a Mooring System for Use in Ecologically-Sensitive Sea Areas ................................................................. 248 DSTO-GD-0287 1. Preface The 10th International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling, incorporating the 2nd U.S./Pacific Rim Workshop on Emerging Non-Metallic Materials for the Marine Environment was held at the University of Melbourne from 7-12 February 1999. This volume is the second volume of papers to arise from the Congress. A special issue of the journal Biofouling was published in June 2000, which contained a series of 22 papers selected from across the conference program. The themes represented were biofilms and bioadhesion, biocorrosion, fouling settlement processes, methods for the prevention of fouling, and deterioration of wood in the sea. Details of these papers appear at the end of this preface. The current volume contains an additional 19 papers submitted for publication by congress participants. Themes addressed herein encompass biofilms and bioadhesion, macrofouling processes and effects, prevention of fouling, biocides in the marine environment, biodeterioration of wood, and marine corrosion. I feel it is important to once again thank the many individuals