Syntax with oscillators and energy levels Sam Tilsen language Studies in Laboratory Phonology 7 science press Studies in Laboratory Phonology Chief Editor: Martine Grice Editors: Doris Mücke, Taehong Cho In this series: 1. Cangemi, Francesco. Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian. 2. Drager, Katie. Linguistic variation, identity construction, and cognition. 3. Roettger, Timo B. Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt: How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments. 4. Mücke, Doris. Dynamische Modellierung von Artikulation und prosodischer Struktur: Eine Einführung in die Artikulatorische Phonologie. 5. Bergmann, Pia. Morphologisch komplexe Wörter im Deutschen: Prosodische Struktur und phonetische Realisierung. 6. Feldhausen, Ingo & Fliessbach, Jan & Maria del Mar Vanrell. Methods in prosody: A Romance language perspective. 7. Tilsen, Sam. Syntax with oscillators and energy levels. ISSN: 2363-5576 Syntax with oscillators and energy levels Sam Tilsen language science press Tilsen, Sam. 2019. Syntax with oscillators and energy levels (Studies in Laboratory Phonology 7). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/197 © 2019, Sam Tilsen Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-157-3 (Digital) 978-3-96110-158-0 (Hardcover) 978-3-96110-159-7 (Softcover) ISSN: 2363-5576 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2625683 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/197 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=197 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Felix Kopecky, Sebastian Nordhoff Proofreading: Alexis Pierrard, Amir Ghorbanpour, Bev Erasmus, Brett Reynolds, David Lukeš, George Walkden, Ikmi Nur Oktavianti, Jakub Sláma, Jeroen van de Weijer, Sandra Auderset, Vadim Kimmelman Fonts: Linux Libertine, Libertinus Math, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin Contents Acknowledgments v 1 Introduction 1 2 Overview of the oscillators/energy levels framework 9 2.1 Concept systems . 10 2.1.1 Concept-specific populations of neurons . 11 2.1.2 Phase transitions to collective oscillation . 12 2.1.3 Concept populations as systems with surroundings . 13 2.1.4 System state variables: Excitation and phase . 14 2.1.5 Meaning experiences are trajectories in state space . 15 2.1.6 Relational meaning experiences are relative phase-confi- gurations . 17 2.1.7 Direct interactions between conceptual systems are un- learnable and inflexible . 19 2.2 Syntactic systems . 20 2.2.1 Microscopic conception of syntactic and conceptual sys- tems . 20 2.2.2 Conceptual systems resonate with syntactic systems . 22 2.2.3 Coupling force types and valence . 23 2.2.4 The syntactic mechanism for organizing relational meaning 26 2.2.5 Interference and differentiation . 28 2.3 Selection and quantal organization of excitation . 29 2.3.1 The quantal relative excitation potential . 29 2.3.2 Canonical reorganization . 32 2.3.3 The combined picture: Two conceptions of time . 35 2.4 Conventions and terminology . 37 3 Deconstructing syntactic theory 39 3.1 The units-are-objects metaphor . 40 3.1.1 Mappings of the object metaphor . 41 3.1.2 The container schema . 44 Contents 3.1.3 The connection-containment blend . 47 3.1.4 The contingency of the object metaphor . 49 3.1.5 Object multiplicity . 50 3.2 The time-is-space metaphor . 52 3.2.1 The word order blend . 53 3.2.2 The hidden temporality of connected object structures .55 3.2.3 Essential vs. effective time . 59 3.2.4 Periodic time . 61 3.2.5 Discontinuous time . 63 4 Reconstructing syntactic theory 65 4.1 The canonical production trajectory . 65 4.1.1 Forces from the surroundings activate cs-systems . 66 4.1.2 Excitation of cs-resonances . 66 4.1.3 Emergence of a stable ϕ-configuration . 68 4.1.4 Emergence of a stable e-configuration . 69 4.1.5 Iterated reorganization of e-configuration . 70 4.1.6 The surroundings drive the system to a new state .73 4.2 Interactions between conceptual-syntactic and gestural-motoric organization . 74 4.2.1 Similarities between relational meaning and temporal coordination . 74 4.2.2 Differences between syntactic and motoric sequencing .74 4.2.3 Thresholding for simulation and execution . .76 4.2.4 The roles of internal and external feedback in e-configu- ration reorganization . 77 4.2.5 Disfluencies . 79 4.2.6 Accentual and metrical patterns . 83 4.3 Morphosyntax and morphophonology . 86 4.3.1 Grammatical vs. lexical systems . 86 4.3.2 Morphosyntactic and morphophonological status . 90 4.3.3 State-dependence of gestural-motoric domains . 93 4.3.4 Derivational vs. inflectional morphology . 94 4.3.5 Case marking . 95 4.4 Phrasal organization . 98 4.4.1 The principle of ϕ-configuration invariance and config- urational hypotheses . 99 4.4.2 Mechanisms of initial e-organization for basic word order 102 4.4.3 Influence of the pre-stable phase on initial organization 108 ii Contents 4.4.4 Context dependence of optionality/obligatoriness . 113 4.4.5 Configurational ambiguity . 117 4.5 Interference . 120 4.5.1 Limits on organization . 121 4.5.2 Interference classification . 125 4.5.3 Excitation asymmetries and modulation of coupling forces 128 4.5.4 Attentionally selective reorganization . 133 5 Infinity and recursion 139 5.1 The infinite set conception of language . .139 5.1.1 Potential infinity is not very special . .142 5.1.2 Language is not a set . 143 5.2 The recursive conception of language . .148 5.2.1 Definitional recursion . 148 5.2.2 Procedural recursion and the merge schema . 149 5.2.3 Merge and the need for Phases . 152 5.3 Recursion as state similarity . 158 5.3.1 Recursion as temporally disjoint but similar system states 159 5.3.2 Reiterative simulation . 161 5.3.3 Embedding vs. reorganization . 164 6 Grammaticality intuitions 169 6.1 Problems with grammaticality . 170 6.1.1 Grammar-grammaticality circularity . 170 6.1.2 The non-stationarity of intuitions . .174 6.1.3 Conflating production and interpretation . .176 6.1.4 The construction of text and context . .177 6.1.5 Competence and performance: Objects and use of objects 179 6.2 Grammatical coherence . 179 6.2.1 The canonical interpretation trajectory . .180 6.2.2 Grammatical coherence: Scales and criteria . 184 6.2.3 Incremental organization in interpretation . 189 6.2.4 Factors which influence coherence experiences . .195 6.2.5 Constituency intuitions . 201 6.3 Electrophysiological and behavioral manifestations of coherence 206 6.3.1 Linking hypotheses for spectral coherence . 206 6.3.2 Relations between coherence and ERP patterns . 212 6.3.3 Toward a new vocabulary of psycholinguistic analysis . 218 iii Contents 7 Syntactic phenomena 225 7.1 Ellipsis . 225 7.1.1 Motoric vs. syntactic accounts . 226 7.1.2 Ellipsis in coordinative vs. subordinative reorganizations 227 7.1.3 Reiterative facilitation of persistent excitation . 233 7.1.4 Contextual excitation and ellipsis . 234 7.2 Anaphora . 236 7.2.1 Anaphoric systems . 236 7.2.2 Temporal ordering of anaphoric and lexical systems . 238 7.2.3 Binding theory . 242 7.3 Wh-questions and islands . 245 7.3.1 Wh-systems and long-distance dependencies . 245 7.3.2 Islands . 251 8 The physical linguistics program 259 8.1 Physical and computational approaches to studying complex sys- tems . 260 8.1.1 Synergetics: A physical approach . 260 8.1.2 Marrian levels of analysis . 264 8.1.3 Representations in physical linguistics . 271 8.2 Barriers to physical linguistics . 272 8.2.1 Structuralist performance . 273 8.2.2 Pretense of objectivity . 273 8.2.3 Anthropocentrism . 275 8.2.4 Hidden dualism . 276 8.3 The art of analytical construction . .277 8.3.1 Tools of state space construction . 279 8.3.2 Thermodynamics of speech . 282 8.3.3 Perspective shifts . 284 8.3.4 Open questions and speculations . 286 8.4 Learning and innateness . 288 8.5 Conclusion . 294 References 297 Index 313 Name index . 313 Language index . 317 Subject index . 317 iv Acknowledgments I thank the people who have supported me in this course of developing the ideas in this book, and who have created the conditions in which I could pursue this project. Looking back on the whole process, the key conceptual roadblock to the oscillators/energy levels approach has been allowing myself to sufficiently dis- sociate analyses of oscillation and excitation. It took me about ten years, from the time I began this project, to reach the current state. I starting working on a coupled oscillators approach to syntax in graduate school as a teaching assis- tant for introduction to syntax and semantics. I had been introduced to the Ar- ticulatory Phonology use of oscillators in a seminar by Keith Johnson, and was convinced that coupled oscillations are a general, neurally plausible mechanism of cognition. Keith graciously allowed me to deposit in the Working Papers of the Berkeley Phonology Lab a flawed manuscript which represents those early efforts. In a remarkable turn of luck, in the fall of 2009 as a postdoc at theUni- versity of Southern California, I found myself sitting in on a seminar co-taught by Louis Goldstein and Jean-Roger Vergnaud. The aim of the seminar was toex- plore how a general framework for phonology and syntax could be developed, based on coupled oscillations. Sadly, Jean-Roger passed away shortly after that seminar. I put a lot of effort into trying to understand syntax with oscillation during that period. At a Conference in honor of Jean-Roger, I presented an anal- ysis which was closer to the current theory, but which nonetheless fell short in dissociating oscillation and excitation.