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Economic Assessment of Direct Cost of Illness of Diabetes Mellitus At ISSN: 2377-3634 Alemu et al. Int J Diabetes Clin Res 2020, 7:122 DOI: 10.23937/2377-3634/1410122 Volume 7 | Issue 2 International Journal of Open Access Diabetes and Clinical Research RESEARCH ARTICLE Economic Assessment of Direct Cost of Illness of Diabetes Mellitus at Dessie Referral Hospital, North East Ethiopia Zinash Alemu1, Birhanu Demeke Workneh2*, Solomon Ahmed Mohammed2 and Moges Workneh Ayele3 1Kazanchis Health Center, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia Check for 2Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia updates 3Department of Pediatric Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Birhanu Demeke Workneh, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia Abstract resources. Awareness of economic burden drives the ur- gent need for increased investments in the prevention and Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disorder ha- management of diabetes. ving major economic burden. Its progression and complica- tion increase the medical cost. Keywords Objective: To assess the direct cost of illness of diabetic Cost of illness, Comorbidity, Diabetic mellitus, Direct medi- mellitus treatment in Dessie Referral Hospital. cal cost, Direct non-medical cost, Ethiopia Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 par- ticipants from November 30, 2016 to December 31, 2017, Introduction and data were extracted from patients registries and analy- zed using SPSS version 20. Linear regression was used to Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder assess the statistically significant difference in the cost of characterized by high blood glucose levels result from treatment of diabetes. The study calculated direct medical defect in insulin secretion or action, or both. Accordin- and non- medical costs by multiplying the quantity of each service by their respective unit costs. gly, there are two types and treatment varieties accor- ding to the cause [1]. Globally diabetes mellitus is an Results: The total direct medical and non-medical costs per year were 12721.5 USD where 86.5% was direct medi- emerging common chronic illness with an estimated cal cost and 13.5% was direct non-medical cost. Total cost number of 220 million people in 2010.Of these approxi- of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents was 1934.68 USD while mately 12.1 million were living in Africa. In Sub Saharan the cost of illness of diabetic patients on insulin and syrin- Africa type 2 diabetes accounts for over 90% of diabe- ges was 2962.6 USD and 751.16 USD respectively. Age, tes [2]. In Ethiopia, the estimated prevalence of diabe- complication and comorbidity had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) effect on cost of illness. tes mellitus in adult population was 1.9% [3] and the total diabetic cases were estimated to be 2.6 million by Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus was an expensive illness and the direct medical costs constituted major segment in the year 2025 [4]. the treatment of illness, and treatment with insulin costs 1.5 Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on the times higher as compared with oral hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes mellitus cost burden has been accelerated due to health care system and health spending on diabetes its complications by 1.6. In view of the increasing global pre- accounted 11.6% of total health expenditure worldwi- valence of diabetes, information from cost-of-illness studies de in 2015 [5,6]. In Latin America and the Caribbean should be used to increase awareness and for allocation of countries the annual estimated number of deaths was 339,035 accounted a loss of 757,096 and United Sta- Citation: Alemu Z, Workneh BD, Mohammed SA, Ayele MW (2020) Economic Assessment of Direct Cost of Illness of Diabetes Mellitus at Dessie Referral Hospital, North East Ethiopia. Int J Diabetes Clin Res 7:122. doi.org/10.23937/2377-3634/1410122 Accepted: May 04, 2020: Published: May 06, 2020 Copyright: © 2020 Alemu Z, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Alemu et al. Int J Diabetes Clin Res 2020, 7:122 • Page 1 of 8 • DOI: 10.23937/2377-3634/1410122 ISSN: 2377-3634 tes Dollar (USD) 3 billion discounted years of productive Methods and Materials life and cost among persons younger than 65 years re- spectively in 2000 7[ ]. Study area and period The medical cost of diabetes depends on its preva- The study was conducted in Dessie Referral Hospital lence, types of drug used, and presence of co-morbidity, from November 2016 to December 2017 located 401 km compliance of patient and development as well as pro- away from North-east of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Amhara gression of complication [8]. Diabetes costs approxima- region, South Wollo zone. Dessie Referral Hospital is lar- tely USD 10.43 billion direct costs and USD 14.79 billion ge institution serving more than 7 million populations. indirect costs in United Kingdom in 2010/2011 and cost Study design is estimated to be USD 17.98 billion direct USD 24.36 bil- lion in indirect costs in 2035/2036 [9]. Type 2 diabetes A cross sectional study design on prospective basis mellitus in Iran also costs USD 2.0460.28 billion direct for one-year data was employed to collect data from and USD 1.73 million indirect costs with USD 842.66102 patient medical charts or registries. The perspective for and USD 864.8 average cost per capita respectively in this study was patients of diabetic mellitus in Dessie Re- 2009 [10]. ferral Hospital. The study also included direct costs. Unhealthy diet and insufficient physical activity due Source and study of population to non-adherence, poor attitude and poor management All patients who had followed-up to diabetes mel- by the health care professionals and patients were com- litus clinic of Dessie Referral Hospital were source of mon cause of diabetic complication [11]. Permanent di- population and those patients who were availed during sability caused a loss of 12,699,087 years and over $50 the data collection period were study population. billion, and temporary disability caused a loss of 136,701 years in the working population and over $763 million in Inclusion and exclusion criteria Latin America and the Caribbean countries [7]. In Iran, Among patients who came to diabetes mellitus clinic complications also accounted 48.9% of direct cost [10]. of Dessie Referral Hospital for follow up, those patients In most African countries, diabetic patients’ lives who had less than one-year follow, incomplete informa- with many complications incurring higher average mon- tion on patient card, unable to listen and speak and who thly out of pocket expenses due to long term treatment were not willing were excluded. duration [12], as complications require more laboratory Sample size and sampling technique investigations, hospitalization and multiple therapies [13]. In Ethiopia this problems are increasing for the last The sample size was estimated by using single popula- two to three decades and becoming a major economic tion proportion formula. To had a maximum sample size factor as this made diabetes patients to be dropped out (384), 50% prevalence, 95% confidence level and 5% to- of treatment [3]. Access to care may also contribute for lerable sampling error was used. Since the source popu- poor prognosis for people with diabetes [14]. lation is less than 10,000 (500 new and chronic cases) and the sample was calculated using the adjustment formula Diabetes is a chronic disease requiring lifelong tre- and a total of 217 diabetes patients were included. atment and now a day’s people in the world become cost oriented in medical care. In addition to high cost of Variables medication, overall medical cost remains a very serious Dependent variables problem as progression and complication of disease in- creases. Therefore, estimation of cost of treatment has The dependent variable of the study was direct cost become more significant. Thus cost of illness studies of illness. identifies the cost related to disease by estimating and Independent variables identifying the burden of disease, and possible priority setting areas for appropriate health programs imple- The independent variables were socio-demographic mentation [15]. characteristics, types of diabetes, diabetic complica- tions, duration of the diseases, presence of comorbid In Ethiopia, patient health seeking behavior is rising illness, fasting blood sugar level, number of visiting to with an increasing health care resources allocation for diabetic per year and number of hospitalization and tre- new and more costly treatment modalities and these atments including syringe. necessities clinicians’ and decision makers to investiga- te the economic burden of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, Data collection instrument this study aimed to assess the direct cost illness of dia- A compressive checklist was used for data collection betes in Dessie Referral Hospital from patient perspecti- and validity of the study was ensured by pretest. ve. During the time of the study, the hospital didn’t exercise health insurance and patients utilized service Data analysis and presentation through out of pocket expenses. The present study only assessed the direct cost such Alemu et al. Int J Diabetes Clin Res 2020, 7:122 • Page 2 of 8 • DOI: 10.23937/2377-3634/1410122 ISSN: 2377-3634 as cost of drugs, transportation, laboratory test, person- form of tables and graphs. Linear regression was used nel cost and cost of glucose meter. Costs were obtai- to assess the statistically significant difference in the ned from the pharmacy department of the hospital and cost of treatment of diabetes and variable with p-value the cost per defined daily dose were calculated taking < 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.
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