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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) the Second Woman to Win the Nobel Prize in Medicine

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Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) the Second Woman to Win the Nobel Prize in Medicine COMMENT OBITUARY Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011) The second woman to win the Nobel prize in medicine. he radioimmunoassay (RIA) Yalow was fascinated by what she correctly progressively displaced the latter from the technique — for which Rosalyn perceived to be the enormous potential of antibody. By measuring how much labelled Sussman Yalow received a share of a radioisotopes. But she soon decided that she insulin was freed up, they could work out TNobel prize in 1977 — has revolutionized needed a physician to join her. In what was the concentration of unlabelled insulin in a almost every field of medicine. It uses radio- perhaps the most momentous decision of her sample. These observations led to the ground- isotope tracers to measure the concentration career, she selected Solomon Berson — an breaking 1960 paper describing the develop- of tiny amounts of substances in the blood internist with no previous research training. ment and use of the RIA method for insulin. and other body fluids. Being able to measure Berson was “the most brilliant person she Over the next decade, Yalow and Berson’s levels of hormones, drugs, vitamins and had ever met”, she concluded after a short group described RIAs for human growth viruses suddenly made it possible for conversation with him. hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, researchers and clinicians to diagnose For more than two decades, the unusually parathyroid hormone and gastrin. In each problems and treat patients with appropri- creative and strong-willed pair worked day case they gained important insights into ate doses of medication, and to probe the and night with incredible solidarity and the compounds’ physiology and biochem- causes of numerous diseases. mutual respect. During the early 1950s, istry. Meanwhile, other investigators used Yalow, who died on 30 May aged the method to measure myriad other 89, trained in physics and never took a substances. course in biology. Yet in the second half Yalow’s laboratory was extra­ of her career she knew more physiology ordinarily generous. The few research and medicine than many physiologists fellows trained there were always given and physicians. Her inexhaustible full credit for their efforts. Visiting BETTMANN/CORBIS capacity for work — combined with scientists from every continent were her brilliance and determination — welcomed to learn about the RIA were key to her achieving a front-line procedures, and often left bearing position in medical research unthink- gifts of precious antibodies. Indeed, able to most women of her time. Yalow and Berson refused to patent Yalow was born to Jewish parents the method even though it had huge in New York City. After high school, commercial potential. she attended the all-female Hunter Despite her appetite for hard work, College, part of the city’s municipal Rosalyn strove to balance her career college system, where tuition was with caring for her family. She would free. Rejecting her mother’s sugges- frequently run home to prepare meals tion that she become a schoolteacher, for her husband Aaron and their two Yalow insisted on a career in physics. At they used radioisotopes to assess iodine children before returning to the labora- Hunter, she was captivated by nuclear and albumin metabolism; they injected the tory. She shunned feminist organizations physics in particular. substances, labelled with radioisotopes, into and classic ‘feminism’, but was a force- patients’ blood and monitored the decline in ful advocate for equal opportunities in FEMALE PIONEER radioactivity emitted. A few years later, the science, appearing before high-school girls In part because of the shortage of male clinical scientist I. Arthur Mirsky urged them whenever invited, and encouraging them to applicants, many men having been drafted to use radioisotopes to test his hypothesis that pursue scientific careers. into the army before the United States entered diabetes was caused by overly rapid degrada- When Berson died in 1972 at the age of the Second World War, Yalow was offered a tion of insulin by the enzyme insulinase. 53, Rosalyn was devastated. Many who did place at the University of Illinois at Urbana- By injecting radioactive insulin into not know her well suspected that he was the Champaign graduate school in 1941. She patients, Yalow and Berson found that insulin ‘brains’ and she the ‘muscle’. She disproved was the only woman among the university’s disappeared from the blood more slowly in the doubters: between Berson’s death and 400 staff and the first female graduate student people previously given an injection of insulin her receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology to study physics there since 1917. than in untreated patients. They concluded or Medicine (with medical scientists Roger When Yalow finished her doctorate in that the former had produced an insulin- Guillemin and Andrew Schally), she pub- 1945, with straight As, she initially encoun- binding antibody. (Insulin bound to a large lished dozens of important papers on the tered closed doors on trying to pursue the molecule is harder to excrete or degrade.) structure and function of various hormones. ■ career she so desired. After working as an Reviewers for The Journal of Clinical Inves- assistant engineer at the Federal Telecom- tigation initially rejected the paper describ- Shimon Glick is professor emeritus at the munications Laboratory in New York City ing their results (the rejection letter starred Faculty of Health Sciences of Ben Gurion and then as a teacher at Hunter, she finally in Yalow’s Nobel-prize acceptance speech). University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105 landed a research post at the Bronx Veter- Undeterred, Yalow and Berson went on to Israel. He was a research fellow and then a ans Administration Hospital in 1947. Here, discover that adding increasing amounts clinical investigator in Berson and Yalow’s she was tasked with developing the use of of unlabelled insulin to a known amount laboratory from 1961 to 1964. radioisotopes in medicine. of antibody bound to radiolabelled insulin e-mail: [email protected] 580 | NATURE | VOL 474 | 30 JUNE 2011 © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
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