First Report of a Newly Discovered Paleoindian Quarry Site on the Isthmus of Panama

FIRST REPORT OF A NEWLY DISCOVERED PALEOINDIAN QUARRY SITE ON THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA

Georges A. Pearson

An archaeological survey on the Azuero Peninsula in Panama has recently discovered a Paleoindian quarry/workshopat the base of a quartz outcrop. The Nieto site contains seldom-seen preforms and flake blanks that provide new information on early-stage reduction strategies used by Clovis-like point makers in the Neotropics. Finished tools recovered at the site include gravers, side scrapers, and large scraper planes. Theproduction offlake blanksfollowed a core reduction and rejuvenation strategy already observed at other Paleoindian sites in Costa Rica and Florida. Although the quartz outcrop is located only a few kilometers away from better-qualitysources of jasper and chert, Paleoindians appear to have preferred this translucent stone for their weaponry. This new information,when combined with late-stage production strategies pre- viously recordedfrom other Panamanian sites, brings us closer to tracing a complete manufacturingtrajectory for Clovis- likepoints on the Isthmus.It is hoped that datafrom the Nieto quarry/workshopwill eventuallyhelp archaeologists determine if the presence of the fluting technique in Central and South America is attributable to a migration of Clovis-related people or a technological diffusion among pre-established southerly populations.

Investigacionesarqueol6gicas llevadas a cabo recientementeen la PeninsulaAzuero, Panamd, ha dado como resultadoel des- cubrimientode una cantera/tallerpertenecienteal HorizontePaleoindio, localizada en la base de un afloramientode cuarzo. Sitio Nieto contiene preformaspoco comunes,y lascas nodularesque proporcionannuevos datos en relacion a las estrategias tempranasde reduccidnempleadas en el Neotrdpico. Entre las herramientasrecuperadas en el sitio se incluyenpicos, ras- padores laterales, y grandes raspadoresplanos. Las lascas obtenidas como resultado del proceso de reducci6n de talla y estrategiasde rejuvenecimientoson similaresa las observadaspreviamente en otros sitios paleoindios de Costa Rica y Florida. Existenalgunos afloramientosdejaspes y pedernalproximos a la cantera/tallerde cuarzo de Sitio Nieto, por lo que pensamos que los pobladores paleoindios parecen haber tenido una clara preferenciapor el cuarzo con el objeto de elaborar su utillaje de piedra. Los nuevos datos obtenidos sobre tecnicas de manufacturatempranas conectan con las estrategias tardias regis- tradas en otros sitios de Panama, gracias a lo cual hemos podido realizar un trazado aproximadode la trayectoria de pro- ducci6n de las puntas Clovis en el Itsmo. Esperamosque los datos de la cantera/tallerde Sitio Nieto tarde o tempranoayuden a los arqueologos a determinarsi la presencia de la tecnica de acanalado paleoindia, en Ame'ricaCentral y America del Sur; es atribuiblea una migracionde poblaciones Clovis, o bien si estairelacionada con una difusion tecnologica entrepoblaciones pre-establecidasdel sur:

M ounting evidence has challenged the (Dillehay 1989, 1997;Meltzer et al. 1997), Taima- "ClovisFirst" model of the peopling of taima (Ochseniusand Gruhn 1979), Tibit6 (Cor- the Americasto the point where it may real 1981, 1986), Pubenza(Correal 1993), El Abra no longer be tenable. In North America, excava- 2 (Correaland van der Hammen 1977; Hurtet al. tions at the Meadowcroft(Adovasio et al. 1978, 1977), and LapaVermelha (Laming-Emperaire et 1999;Goldberg 1999), Cactus Hill (Johnson1998; al. 1975;Prous 1986), to namea few. Althoughthe McAvoy and McAvoy 1997), Topper(Goodyear existenceof pre-Clovisgroups is now morewidely 1999,2000), Schaefer,and Hebior (Overstreet and accepted,interpretation of the data from many of Stafford 1997; Overstreetet al. 1995) sites have these early occupationshas not been unanimous providedevidence of humanoccupations possibly and debates persist (Dillehay et al. 1999; Fiedel antedatingClovis. Similar claims have also been 1999; Lynch2001). madefor SouthAmerican sites suchas MonteVerde Over the years, the feasibility of a passage

Georges A. Pearson * Departmentof Anthropology,University of Kansas, 622 FraserHall, 1415 JayhawkBlvd. Lawrence,KS 66045-7556 ([email protected])

Latin AmericanAntiquity, 14(3), 2003, pp. 311-322 CopyrightO2003 by the Society for AmericanArchaeology

311 LATIN AM ERICAN ANTIQUITY

VOLUME 14 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER 2003

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Figure 1. Map of Panama showing locations of Nieto quarry/workshop and other early sites. between the NorthAmerican ice sheets and even Morrow 1999; Ranereand Cooke 1991; Snarskis the existence of such a corridorhave been ques- 1979). The second arguesthat this manufacturing tioned.This challengehas given rise to alternative traitwas diffusedand adoptedsouth by pre-estab- entrywaysand migration routes to accountfor sub- lished populations who came into contact with Laurentidianpopulations (Anderson and Gillam expanding Clovis bands (Bryan 1973, 1983). 2000; Fladmark1979, 1983; Mandryk2001). For Lastly,Mayer-Oakes (1986b) proposedthat fluting example,to explainthe presenceof pre-Clovissites was independentlyinvented in SouthAmerica and in SouthAmerica in the absenceof similaroccupa- may or may not have diffusednorth. tionsfurther north, a popularscenario proposes a late One strategythat can help untanglethese ideas Pleistocene coastal migration along the Pacific is to carryout technologicalcomparisons between seaboardthat brought people to SouthAmerica while flutedpoint assemblagesfrom North,Central, and bypassingthe interiorregions (Carvalho Gonqalves South America. The degree of affinity between et al. 2003; Dixon 1999;Gruhn 1988, 1994). northernand southern fluted point industries would Anothertopic of contentionhas focused on the help archaeologists determine if Clovis groups origin and dispersionof the fluting technique in encountered and influenced, replaced or were South America (Ardila 1991; Ardila and Politis assimilated,or simply lived alongside pre-estab- 1989;Bell 1965;Bird 1938;Gnecco 1994;Mayer- lished groupspossibly relatedto MonteVerdeans. Oakes 1986a; Jackson 1995; Jaimes 1999). Coupled with a solid chronological framework, Attemptsto explainthis phenomenon have centered technological differences and similaritieswould aroundthree hypotheses. The firstsuggests that the allow us to distinguishbetween a migrationor a fluting techniquewas carriedsouth by migrating passing of ideas throughpre-Clovis populations. humans who were bioculturallyrelated to North To help shed light on this problem,an ongoing AmericanClovis groups (Lynch 1983; Morrow and surveyhas attemptedto locate additionalPaleoin- REPORTS 313

Figure 2. Quartz outcrop and north side of the Nieto quarry/workshop. dian occupationsin Panama(Pearson 1999, 2000; Althoughthe majorityof artifactsfound at Nieto Pearson and Cooke 2002). This area was chosen consistof unidirectionaland multi-directional blocky because of its key geographiclocation and its role cores,core fragments,flakes, and shatter, some bro- as a narrow land bridge that has concentrated ken tool preforms,flake blanks, and finished imple- human movements between the continents. mentswere also encountered.With the exceptionof Regardlessof the route(s)taken by early migrants a few bladeletsand small blade cores, none of the during the colonization process, the Isthmus of recoveredmaterial could be ascribedto possiblelater Panamawould have been an unavoidablestopping preceramicor ceramiccultures. Bifacial reduction place while movingto or fromSouth America. This of cryptocrystallinestone has not been observedin reportpresents preliminary data from a newly dis- Panamanianlithic assemblage post-dating 7000 '4C covered Paleoindianquarry/workshop site on the yr B.P.(Ranere and Cooke 1995, 1996,2002). This Pacific side of Panama. peculiarityof the Isthmianarchaeological record has, in fact, helped researchersidentify early sites The Nieto Paleoindian by the simplepresence of bifacialthinning flakes of and Quarry Workshop fine-grainedlithic material.

Site Location and Description Deposits and Stratigraphy The Nieto site (124 m a.s.l.)is locatedon theAzuero Lithic artifactswere discovered lying above and Peninsulaapproximately 10 km northwestof the withincolluvial deposits around the outcrop. Flakes town of Pese (Figure 1). The qularryconsists of an and other manufacturingdetritus were strewnon exposed vein of gray-white, translucent cryp- the surface of the north-facing slope, which tocrystallinequartz that juts from the summitof a droppedat an angle of approximately40 degrees. small hill (Figure2). This outcropforms a pillar- Althoughthe rise is vegetatedwith trees and shrubs like wall (1 m by 10 m) thatis flankedon bothsides (Curatella americana), evidence of ongoing ero- by steepcolluvial slopes containinga largeamount sion and denudationdue to heavy rain is visible of culturaland natural lithic debris(Figure 3). Test today.The thicknessof the depositsvaried from a excavationswere carriedout on the northernsec- few centimetersclosest to the exposedvein to more tion of the quarrywhere a Clovis-like projectile than40 cm at the base of the hill. Sedimentswere point preformwas discoveredon the surface(Fig- homogeneous,and did not show any evidence of ure 4a). weatheringhorizons. 314 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 14, No. 3, 2003]

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Figure 3. Nieto site map with location of main excavation block and test pits.

LithicAssemblage foundon the Isthmus.It was manufacturedfrom a large flake, which was progressivelyreduced on The first diagnostic artifacts discovered at the both sides, giving it a distinctivebi-convex cross- quarrywere bifacial thinningflakes and a Clovis- section.Initial thinning and shaping has completely like pointpreform fragment that alerted us to a pos- removedall tracesof the originalflake blank's sur- sible late Pleistocene exploitationof the outcrop. face. Significantly,several isolated and ground plat- Thus far, cores, large flake blanks, bifacial preform lobes are still visible on the blade'sedge. On forms,various scraping and graving tools, andover one side, the distal end of what could be a flute or 50 bifacialthinning flakes have been discoveredat large end-thinningscar is visible just above the Nieto (Figure 4). Technological analysis of the break(Figure 5). Althoughthe edge of the fracture materialis still ongoing,and only preliminarydata is squareand was not the result of a "languette" (Table 1) and descriptionsare presentedbelow. scar (Roche and Tixier 1982)-which could be The point preform (Figure 4a) has a sinuous mistakenfor a flute-the distinctionbetween inten- edge due to uncorrecteddeep concavities left by tionalremovals, secondary fractures, and exfoliated the initial lateralthinning removals. This preform breakshas been made difficultdue to the unpre- is differentboth stylistically and technologically dictabilityof this raw material.Nevertheless, flut- fromstemmed fishtail and Archaic projectile points ing of early stage preformswould not be out of REPORTS 315

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Figure 4. Lithic artifacts from Nieto quarry/workshop: (a-g) bifacial preforms; (h) channel flake fragment; (i) possible large flake blank; (j-n) snubbed-nosed scrapers and large scraper planes; (o) large retouched flake; (p-q) blade-like flakes; (r-u) graving tools; (v-w) spokeshaves; (x-y) core bottom rejuvenation segments. 316 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 14, No. 3, 2003]

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Table 1. Metric Informationfor Lithic ArtifactsIllustrated in Figure 4.

Artifact Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) (a) Point Preform 87.86 50.50 17.20 (b) Point Base 28.40 37.90 11.75 (c) Biface (Preform?) 92.65 42.27 14.63 (d) Biface Fragment 39.45 29.02 11.40 (e) Biface Fragment 27.95 25.95 5.72 (f) Biface Preform 55.90 66.95 21.95 (g) Biface Preform 63.55 58.30 29.20 (h) Channel Flake 20.16 23.77 4.24 (i) Large Flake (Blank) 68.21 90.65 23.06 (j) Keeled End Scraper 63.40 40.20 25.35 (k) ScraperPlane 83.20 61.10 28.42 (1) Keeled End Scraper 86.74 51.55 34.16 (m) Side Scraper 84.30 48.64 15.10 (n) ScraperPlane 89.45 60.00 32.95 (o) Large Retouched Flake 71.77 70.00 26.80 (p) Blade-like Flake 64.70 37.60 17.20 (q) Blade-like Flake 95.55 48.30 20.50 (r) Graver 26.60 31.55 8.90 (s) Graver 46.50 37.25 10.20 (t) Graver 47.00 25.35 11.55 (u) Graver 31.21 26.35 9.52 (v) Spokeshave 66.10 38.30 21.00 (w) Spokeshave 86.10 41.55 37.95 (x) Core Base Segment 100.60 75.91 38.82 (y) Core Base Segment 49.16 30.04 19.15 REPORTS 317

Figure 5. Clovis-like point preform from Nieto showing distal end of possible flute scar.

place here since it has alreadybeen observed at and jaspers where bifacial material is absent. It other lower Central American sites such as La appearsthat the beautyof translucentcrystals over Mula-Westin Panama(Ranere 2000; Ranereand less-attractivestones may have overriddenmore Cooke 1995, 1996) and Guardiriain Costa Rica practicalfactors in the decision-makingprocess (Pearson1998, 2004; Snarskis 1979). leading to the manufactureof some points. Simi- The Nieto preformcould be describedas a stage lar observationswere made at the La Mula-West 4 biface following Callahan(1979), or more pre- workshop,where Paleoindians manufactured many cisely a stage 4.1 accordingto Morrow's(1996) Clovis-like points from brittle, translucentagate reductionscheme. Overshootingthinning flakes, cobbles (Ranere2000) found among better-qual- commonly encountered in other Clovis-related ity cryptocrystallinejaspers. This pattern goes workshops(Pearson 2002), have not yet been dis- againstpopular notions of a focused exploitation coveredamong the manufacturingdebris at Nieto. of high-qualitystones by NorthAmerican Clovis A possible explanationfor this could be the low groups(Goodyear 1979) and may be indicativeof qualityof the lithic raw materialthat caused many ideological aspects of Paleoindianlife. thinningflakes to terminateprematurely or break. The base of a second unfinishedprojectile point The flaking pattern indicates that flintknappers was discoveredless thana meterfrom the preform attemptedto drive long flakes past the preform's (Figure4b). This ungroundsegment displays sev- midline but were rarelysuccessful. Although the eral longitudinalthinning scars or possible guid- crystalline qualities of the lithic raw materialat ing flakes,and a slight nippleindicating that it was Nieto areaesthetically pleasing to theeye, its struc- possibly being preparedfor fluting. Evidence for turemakes it highly unpredictableand an inferior the manufactureof a thirdpoint was providedby stonefor flintknappingpurposes. Many of the shat- the discoveryof a differentlycolored broken chan- ter pieces and discarded tool preforms display nel flake(Figure 2h). The fragmentis straight(i.e., breaks along linear impuritiesand larger quartz no curvature),parallel-sided, has a slight bi-con- inclusions.Most intriguingis thatthe areaaround vex cross-section,and broke just below its platform Nieto containsmany sources of high-qualitycherts or nipple (Figure 6). Its dorsal surface is charac- 318 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 14, No. 3, 2003]

Figure 6. Collapsed proximal fragment of channel flake. terizedby a seriesof small,unidirectional scars sug- made to flattenthe ventralsurfaces of these large gestingthat it was removedfollowing severalbasal scrapingtools. Irregularities,such as the bulb of thinningattempts and/or some of theremovals may force, and excessive curvaturewere correctedby have servedas guidingchannels. Especially inter- strikingthe blank'sedges "headon" to detachlarge esting was a tool with a broken,bifacially worked flakes that would terminatein hinge or step frac- distal end made on a blue-greenchert flake (Fig- tures.This tacticensured that the retouchitself did ure 4c). No debitageof this materialwas found at not plunge or compoundthe initialproblem and is the site andit mayhave been left behindafter retool- comparableto coreplatform rejuvenation removals. ing (cf., Gramly 1980). Significantly,this same manufacturingtechnique Also found among the debriswere early stage was also observedon theplanes from Guardiria and preformsand large flake blanks used for the pro- lakes La Yeguada and Alajuela (Pearson 1998, duction of bifacial tools or projectilepoints (Fig- 2002). ure4f, g, i). Finishedtools includedgravers, keeled Overall,the Nieto assemblagemirrors many of (snubbed-nosed)end scrapers,side scrapers,and the artifactstyles, manufacturingtechniques, and scraperplanes (Figure 2j-n, r-u). Several large even lithic raw materialschoices observedat other blade-like flakes (Figure 2p, q) and ridge spalls Paleoindiansites. Most importantly,it links with were also recovered.These elongated pieces do not the late-stagerejects and broken preforms discov- display small, preparedplatforms or pronounced ered at La Mula-Westto trace a more complete curvaturecharacteristic of many Clovis blades manufacturing trajectory for fluted lanceolate (Collins 1999). Otherimportant finds consisted of points in Panama. large flake cores and platformrejuvenation seg- Discussion ments (Figure2x, y) displayingidentical reduction steps as those from the GuardiriaPaleoindian Severalavenues of research,such as detailedtech- quarry/workshopin Costa Rica (Pearson 1998, nologicalanalyses and comparisons of lithicassem- 2004), and the Fossil Hole quarrysite in Florida blages, can offer significantclues to the originsof (Hemmings1999). Large scraper planes were fash- the flutingtechnique in SouthAmerica. However, ioned on blade-likeflakes and sometimes shaped similarities and differences between North and by a trihedralflaking technique. Great efforts were SouthAmerican Paleoindian lithic tools aremean- REPORTS 319 ingless withoutfactoring in contextualdata. That fromother Panamanian sites (Birdand Cooke 1978; is to say,without a clearpicture of the culture-adap- Pearson 2000, 2002; Ranere 2000; Ranere and tive milieu, resemblanceamong artifactswill not Cooke 1991, 2001), this latest informationbrings necessarilysupport a migrationscenario nor will us closer to tracinga complete chalne operatoire discrepancies imply a diffusion of ideas. Lithic for Clovis-like points on the Isthmus. assemblagesmust be comparedin relationto the Conclusion economic systemsand environments in whichthey wereused. Moreover, analyses must examine entire Currentknowledge on how the firsthuman inhab- tool kits and not concentratesolely on projectile itantsof Northand SouthAmerica related to each points. Otherclues, such as those relatedto group othernot only hasbeen impededby geographicdis- ideologies, although difficult to interpret,would tance but also by an informationvoid. To this day, also be useful,since these abstractelements are less the Paleoindianarchaeological records of North likely to have been borrowed(Storck 1991). Even andSouth America remain isolated from each other. then,analytical results might still be subjectiveand Ongoing archaeologicalresearch on the Azuero open to numerous personal interpretations.For Peninsulain Panamarepresents an effort to close example, when trying to understandthe cause(s) this gap. One of the principalobjectives of the Isth- for the similaritiesand differences between a North mian surveyis to findclues thatwill help us under- AmericanClovis pointand a SouthAmerican fish- standthe origins of the flutingtechnique in South tail projectilepoint, how can archaeologistsdis- America. tinguish between factors such as: (1) changing The newly discoveredNieto quarry/workshop adaptivestrategies, when groups face new envi- providesnew informationon early stage reduction ronmentalselective pressures;(2) culturaldistor- strategiesused by Clovis-like point makers.Pre- tion andselective borrowing, when an ideais passed liminaryresults indicate that the lanceolatefluted from one groupto another;or (3) simple stochas- points at Nieto were made on large flake blanks. tic and historical events that may have affected Secondaryretouch was invasiveand did not leave styles, when groupsbecome isolatedand the flow pseudo flutes on the recoveredbifaces. Preforms of information is cut off (O'Brien and Lyman appearto havebeen flutedin theearly stages of pro- 2000)? duction by isolating and striking a basal nipple. Whenfaced with questionsof bioculturalaffin- Large Clovis-like macrobladesand blade cores ity, there is no escaping the fact that although were not observed at Nieto. Finally, large flake humanscan modify andborrow technologies, they cores, top and bottom platformrejuvenation seg- cannotchange their genes. Consequently,the most ments, and keeled end scrapers,similar to those robustanalyses and perhapsthe final arbiterof the found at the Guardiriasite in Costa Rica and Fos- debatesmay come from futureancient DNA tests. sil Hole in Florida,attest to a Paleoindiancultural But until more late Pleistocene skeletons are dis- homogeneity across lower CentralAmerica and covered,archaeologists must rely on variablessuch perhapsaround the Gulf of Mexico (Faughtand as tool formand manufacturing techniques to make Dunbar1997; Pearsonand Bostrom 1998). Ongo- sense of the variability.Unfortunately, the major- ing fieldwork in CentralAmerica and additional ity of Paleoindiansites discoveredso far in Cen- pan-continentalcomparative analyses among Pale- tralAmerica contain finished points or preformsin oindian lithic assemblages should help us deter- late stages of production(Garcia-Barcena 1979; mine if southernfluted point makerswere distant Gruhnand Bryan 1977; Santamaria 1981; Snarskis cousins of Clovis groupsor contemporaryneigh- 1979). In most cases, early stage reductionstrate- bors who imitatedtheir technology. gies areobscured if not completelyinvisible when finished or tools. The Acknowledgments.Funding for this research was provided analyzing resharpened key a short-term and a from the and thus the of the Nieto by pre-doctoral fellowship difference, importance, SmithsonianTropical Research Institute(STRI). I especially site residesin the fact thatthe firsthalf of the man- wish to thank Robert A. Beckwith for his patience and ufacturing techniques, including raw material invaluable assistance in the field. Additional support was extraction,are represented here. Coupled with data provided by Jack L. Hofman and John W. Hoopes of the University of Kansas, as well as by Richard G. Cooke, 320 LATIN AMERICAN ANTIQUITY [Vol. 14, No. 3, 2003]

Dolores R. Piperno, and Cristian Samper of STRI. Carlos 2003 HumanIntestinal Parasites in the Past:New Findings Fitzgerald of Patrimonio Historico, Instituto de Cultura, and a Review. Memorias do InstitutoOswaldo Cruz 98 Panama, was also instrumentalin alleviating some of the (Supplement1):103-108. Michael B. logistical headaches of fieldwork. This project would not Collins, have been without the and 1999 ClovisBlade Technology.University of TexasPress, possible generous help hospitality Austin. of Pedro Nieto Fuente, Cesar A. Serrano C., E. Alfonso CorrealUrrego, Gonzalo Caballero,and Alberto E. Ruiz de Leon. I would also Tejada 1981 Evidenciasculturales y megafaunapleistocenica en like to the comments Ruth Gruhn acknowledge helpful by Colombia.Fundaci6n de InvestigacionesArqueol6gicas and AnthonyRanere during the productionof this report.My Nacionales,Banco de la Republica,Bogota. colleague, Julia C. 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