Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Afm, S.-U.-D., As, K., dan Lim Lbl, 2015. Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Leaves, Stems, and Rhizomes of Etlingera coccinea (blume) S. Sakai & Nagam. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(5): 873-883 Afrianti, L.H., Sukandar, E.Y., dan Ibrahim, S., 2010. Senyawa Asam 2- Metilester-1-H-Pirol-4-Karboksilat Dalam Ekstrak Etil asetat Buah Salak Varietas Bongkok sebagai Antioksidan dan Antihyperucemia.. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri pangan, 21; 66-72 Agoes, G, 2007. Teknologi Bahan Alam, ITB Press, Bandung. Ahmad, A.R., Mun’im, A., dan Elya, B., 2012. Study Of Antioxidant Activity With Reduction of DPPH Radical And Xantine Oxidase Inhibitor Of The The Extract Of Ruellia Tuberosa Linn Leaf,. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(11); 66-70 Ajith, T.A., Hema, U., dan Aswathy, M.S., 2007. Zingiber officinale Roscoe prevents acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity by enhancing hepatic antioxidant status. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45: 2267– 2272. Akoh, C. dan B. Min, D., 2002. Food Lipids: Chemistry, Nutrition, Biotechnology. Marcel Dekker, Inc. Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. New York • Basel Alen, Y, Fitria L. A. dan Yori Y., 2017. Analisis Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dan Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia Ekstrak Rebung Schizostachyum brachyladum Kurz (Kurz) pada Mencit Jantan, Jurnal Sain Farmasi dan Klinis, 3 (2). Al Muqarrabun, L.M.R., Ahmat, N., Ruzaina, S.A.S., Ismail, N.H., dan Sahidin, I., 2013. Medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 150: 395– 420. Anggara J, U., B.S Kardono, L., Hanafi, M., Rumampuk, R.J., dan Darmawan, A., 2014. Teknik Modern Spektroskopi NMR: Teori Dan Aplikasi Dalam Elusidasi Striktur Molekul Organik. LIPI Press. Anonim, 2006a. Pharmaceutical Care Untuk Pasien Penyakit Arthritis Rematik. Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, Jakarta. Anonim, 2018. Xanthine Oxidase Assay Kit (ab 102522). Abcam, USA; 1-16 Antoro, E.D., 1995. Skrining fitokimia rimpang Nicolaia speciosa Horan. secara mikrokimiawi kromatografi lapis tipis, dan spektrofotmetri UV. Tesis, Fakultas Farmasi UGM, . Yogyakarta Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Demirata, B., Özyürek, M., Çelik, S.E., Bektaşoğlu, B., dkk., 2007. Comparative Evaluation of Various Total Antioxidant Capacity Assays Applied to Phenolic Compounds with the CUPRAC Assay. Molecules, 12: 1496–1547. Atun, S., 2014. Metode Isolasi dan Identifikasi Struktur Senyawa Organik Bahan Alam.pdf. Jurnal Konservasi Cagar Budaya Borobudur, 8: 53–61.

124

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Azmi, S.M.N., Jamal, P., dan Amid, A., 2012. Purification of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Carica papaya Leaves using Reversed Phase Flash Column Chromatography (RPFCC) - High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC),. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6: 117–122. Baghiani, A., Djarmouni, M., Boumerfeg, S., Trabsa, H., Charef, N., Khennouf, S., dkk., 2012. Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effects of Peaganum harmala Seed Extracts. European Journal of Medicinal , 2: 42–56. Benzie, I.F.F. dan Strain, J.J., 1996. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239: 70–76. Berry, C.E. dan Hare, J.M., 2004. Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. The Journal of Physiology, 555: 589–606. Bhuiyan, N.I., Chowdhury, J.U., Begum, J., dan Azim, M.A., 2010. Aromatic Plants of Bangladesh: Constituents of Leaf and rhizome oil of Etlingera linguiforme. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci.58(1): 13-15 Blois, M.S., 1958. Antioxidant Determinations by the Use of a Stable Free Radical. Nature, 181: 1199–1200. Bomalaski, J.S. dan Clark, M.A., 2004. Serum uric acid-lowering therapies: where are we heading in management of hyperuricemia and the potential role of uricase. Current Rheumatology Reports, 6: 240–247. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., dan Berset, C., 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28; 25-30 Chan, E., Lim, Y., dan Mohamad Ali, N.A., 2010. Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Leaves of Etlingera Species (). International Journal For The Advancement of Science & Arts.1(2); 1-12 Chan, E., Lim, Y., dan Omar, M., 2007. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Leaves of Etlingera Species (Zingiberaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Food Chemistry. 104(4): 1586-1593 Chan, E., Lim, Y., Wong, L.F., Lianto, F.S., Wong, S.K., Lim, K.K., dkk., 2008. Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibition Properties of Leaves and Rhizomes of Ginger Species. Food Chemistry. 109 (3): 477-483 Chan, E.W.C., Lim, Y.Y., Ling, S.K., Tan, S.P., Lim, K.K., dan Khoo, M.G.H., 2009. Caffeoylquinic acids from leaves of Etlingera species (Zingiberaceae). LWT - Food Science and Technology, 42: 1026–1030. Chan, Lim, Y., Wong, S.K., Lim, K.K., Tan, S.P., Lianto, F.S., dkk., 2009a. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Antioxidant Properties of Leaves and Tea of Ginger Species. Food Chemistry, 113: 166-172 Chan, Lim, Y.Y., Ling, S.K., Tan, S., Lim, K., dan Khoo, M.G.H., 2009b. Caffeoylquinic acids from leaves of Etlingera species (Zingiberaceae). LWT - Food Science and Technology, 42: 1026–1030.

125

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Chuakul, W. dan Boonpleng, A., 2003. Ethnomedical uses of Thai Zingiberaceous . Thai Journal of Phytopharmacy, 10: 33–39. Clarke, G., Ting, K.N., Wiart, C., dan Fry, J., 2013. High Correlation of 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging, Ferric Reducing Activity Potential and Total Phenolics Content Indicates Redundancy in Use of All Three Assays to Screen for Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Plants from the Malaysian Rainforest. Antioxidants, 2: 1–10. Cos, P., Ying, L., Calomme, M., Hu, J.P., Cimanga, K., Poel, B.V., dkk., 1998. Structure-Activity Relationship and Classification of Flavonoids as Inhibitors Oxidase Of Xanthine Scavengers Superoxide. Journal of Natural Products, 61:71-76 Cuppett, S.M. dan Schrepf III, C., 1954. Natural Antioxidant Are They Reality In Shahidi, F: Natural Antioxidants, Chemistry, Health Effect and Applications, . AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 12-24. Dachriyanus, D., 2017. Analisis Struktur Senyawa Organik Secara Spektroskopi. Lembaga Pengembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (LPTIK) Universitas Andalas. Dalimartha, S. dan Soedibyo, M., 1998. Awet Muda Dengan Tumbuhan Obat Dan Diet Suplemen. Trubus Aquiwidya Jakarta. Deng, J., Cheng, W., dan Yang, G., 2011. A novel antioxidant activity index (AAU) for natural products using the DPPH assay. Food Chemistry, 125: 1430–1435. Dincer, H.E., Dincer, A.P., dan Levinson, D.J., 2002. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: to treat or not to treat. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 69: 594, 597, 600-602 passim. Ditjenn POM, 1986. Sediaan Galenik, Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Jakrta Duthie, G.G. dan Bellizzi, M.C., 1999. Effects of antioxidants on vascular health. British Medical Bulletin, 55: 568–577. Fessenden R. J, R.J. dan Fessenden J.S, 1997. Dasar-Dasar Kimia Organik. Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta. Ficker, C.E., Smith, M.L., Susiarti, S., Leaman, D.J., Irawati, Ç., dan Arnason, J.T., 2003. Inhibition of human pathogenic fungi by members of Zingiberaceae used by the Kenyah (Indonesian Borneo). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85: 289–293. Forgo, P. dan Kövér, K.E., 2004. Gradient enhanced selective experiments in the 1H NMR chemical shift assignment of the skeleton and side-chain resonances of stigmasterol, a phytosterol derivative. Steroids, 69: 43–50. Fristiohady, A., Wahyuni, W., Malaka, M.H., Fandi, A., Malik, F., Julian Purnama, L. ode M., dkk., 2020. Isolation and identification of secondary metabolite acetone extract Aaptos sp. and its antioxidant properties and acute toxicity. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, . Garnaik, B. dan Sivaram, S., 1996. Study of Polymer−Plasticizer Interaction by 13 C CP/MAS NMR Spectroscopy: Poly(vinyl chloride)−Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate System. Macromolecules, 29: 185–190.

126

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Gonzalez, A.G., Bazzocchi, I.L., Moujir, L., Ravelo, A.G., Correa, M.D., dan Gupta, M.P., 1995. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of some Panamanian plants from Celastraceae and Lamiaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 46: 25–29. Gritter, RJ., Bobbit, JM., Schwarting, A.E., 1991. Pengantar Kromatografi. Diterjemahkan oleh Kosasih Padmawinata, Edisi Kedua. ITB Press, Bandung Gulcin, Alici, H.A., dan Cesur, M., 2005. Determination of in Vitro Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activities of Propofol. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Buletin, 53: 281–285. Habib, M.R. dan Karim, M.R., 2009. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Di- (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Anhydrosophoradiol-3-acetate Isolated from Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Flower. Mycobiology, 37: 31–36. Halliwell, B. dan Gutteridge, J.M.C., 2015. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press. Handa, S.S., Khanuja, S.P.S., Longo, G., Rakesh, D.D., dan Trieste, 2008. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. International Centre For Science and High Techhnology, Trieste. Handayani, S., Sunarto, dan Kristianingrum, S., 2005. Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Untuk Penentuan Kadar Hesperidin Dalam Kulit Buah Jeruk. Jurnal Penelitian Saintek, 10: 53–68. Harborne, J.B., 2006. Metode Fitokimia : Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis Tumbuhan, II. ed. ITB Press, Bandung. Harrison, R., 2004. Physiological Roles of Xanthine Oxidoreductase. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 36: 363–375. Hart, L.I., McGartoll, M.A., Chapman, H.R., dan Bray, R.C., 1970. The composition of milk xanthine oxidase. Biochemical Journal, 116: 851– 864. Heim, K.C., Heim, K.E., Tagliaferro, A.R., dan Bobilya, D.J., 2002. Flavonoid Antioxidants: Chemistry, Metabolism and Structure-Activity Relationships. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry,. Hidayat, R., 2009. 'Gout Dan Hiperurisemia'. Divisi Reumatologi Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia RSUPNCM Jakarta, . Hostettmann, K., 1995. 'Cara kromatografi preparatif : penggunaan pada isolasi senyawa alam'. ITB Press, Bandung. Jalil, J., Sabandar, C.W., Ahmat, N., Jamal, J.A., Jantan, I., Aladdin, N.-A., dkk., 2015. Inhibitory Effect of Triterpenoids from Dillenia serrata (Dilleniaceae) on Prostaglandin E2 Production and Quantitative HPLC Analysis of Its Koetjapic Acid and Betulinic Acid Contents. Molecules, 20: 3206–3220. Kamal, N., Clements, C., Gray, A., dan Edrada-Ebel, R., 2016. Anti-infective Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Vitex pinnata. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 102–106.

127

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Khaleghi, F., Yaacob, W.A., Din, L.B., dan Khalilzadeh, M.A., 2012a. Volatile Oil Compositions of Several Parts of Etlingera fulgens from Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15: 180–185. Khaleghi, F., Yaacob, W.A., Din, L.B., dan Khalilzadeh, M.A., 2012b. Chemical Compositions of Several Parts of Etlingera venusta from Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15: 686–693. Khopkar, S.M., 2004. Basic Concepts Of Analytical Chemistry, Second Edition. ed. New Age International (P) Limited, Publisher, New Delhi. Kochhar, S.P. dan Rossell, J.B., 1990. Detection, Estimation and Evaluation of Antioxidants in Food Systems, dalam: Hudson, B.J.F. (Ed.), Food Antioxidants. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, hal. 19–64. Kong, L.D., Abliz, Z., Zhou, C.X., Li, L.J., Cheng, C.H.K., dan Tan, R.X., 2001. Glycosides and xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Conyza bonariensis. Phytochemistry, 58: 645–651. Kostic, D., Dimitrijevic, D., Stojanović, G., Palić, I., Đorđević, A., dan Ickovski, J., 2015. Xanthine Oxidase: Isolation, Assays of Activity, and Inhibition. Journal of Chemistry, .1-8 Kristanti, A. nov, 2008. Buku Ajar Fitokimia. Airlangga Universitas Press, Surabaya. Kristanty, R.E., Mun’Im, A., dan Katrin, 2012. Isolation of antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitor from n-Butanol extract of Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). International Journal Medicinal. Aromatic. Plants, 2(3): 376–389. Kucharska-Ambrożej, K. dan Karpinska, J., 2020. The application of spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometrics for detection adulteration of some herbs and spices. Microchemical Journal, 153:1-9 Lachumy, S.J.T., Sasidharan, S., Sumathy, V., dan Zuraini, Z., 2010. Pharmacological activity, phytochemical analysis and toxicity of methanol extract of Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) flowers. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 3: 769–774. Lam, L.H., Sakaguchi, K., Ukeda, H., dan Sawamura, M., 2006. Flow Injection Determination of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity and Its Application to Food Samples. Analytical Sciences, 22: 105–109. Lampe, J.W., 1999. Health Effects of Vegetables and Fruit: Assesing Mechanisms of Action in Human Experimental Studies, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3): 475-490. Lavine, B.K. dan Workman, J., 2012. Chemometrics. Analytical Chemistry, 85: . Lewis, A.S., Murphy, L., McCalla, C., Fleary, M., dan Purcell, S., 1984. Inhibition of mammalian xanthine oxidase by folate compounds and amethopterin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 259: 12–15. Lin, C.-M., Chen, C.-S., Chen, C.-T., Liang, Y.-C., dan Lin, J.-K., 2002. Molecular modeling of flavonoids that inhibits xanthine oxidase. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 294: 167–172. Litescu SC, Sandra AV, Eremia SAV, Diaconu M, Tache A., 2011, Biosensors Applications on Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants, Environmental Biosensors, In Tech Rijeka Croatia.

128

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Lullmann, H. (Ed.), 2000. Color Atlas of Pharmacology, 2. ed., rev.expanded. ed, Thieme-Flexibook. Thieme, Stuttgart. Mahdavi, B., 2014. Chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Etlingera brevilabrum (Zingiberaceae).Scholars Research Library. 6(2): 360-365 Mahdavi, B., Yaacob, W.A., Din, L.B., dan Siti Aisha, M.A., 2013. Essential Oil Composition of Three Air Dried Parts of Etlingera brevilabrum. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16: 17–22. Maimulyanti, A. dan Prihadi, A.R., 2015. Chemical composition, phytochemical and antioxidant activity from extract of Etlingera elatior flower from Indonesia. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 3: 6. Mavar-Manga, H., Haddad, M., Pieters, L., Baccelli, C., Penge, A., dan Quetin- Leclercq, J., 2008. Anti-inflammatory compounds from leaves and root bark of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Müll. Arg. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 115: 25–29. Mukhriani, 2014. Ekstraksi, Pemisahan Senyawa dan Identifikasi Senyawa aktif, Jurnal Kesehatan, 7(2), 362-363. Molyneux, P., 2004. The use of the stable radical Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technology,26(2): 211-219 Muhammad, N., Ibrahim, N., Ali, N.-A.Mohd., Din, L.B., Zakaria, Z., Yaacob, W.-A., dkk., 2011. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of the Essential Oils of Shorea acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 14: 708–716. Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW., 2006. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. 27th ed. Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, editors. The McGraw-Hill Companies. Nainggolan, O., 2009. Prevalensi dan Determinan Penyakit Rematik di Indonesia , Majalah Kedokteran Indonesia, 59(12): 1-7 Naufalin, R. dan Rukmini, H.S., 2010. Potennsi Antioksidan Hasil Ekstraksi Tanaman Kecombrang (Nicolaia speciosa Horan) Selama Penyimpanan. Tesis, Universitas Jenderan Sudirman, Purwokerto, . Nile, S.H. dan Khobragade, C., 2011. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. root extract. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources,2(1): 52-58 Nuki, G. dan Simkin, P.A., 2006. A concise history of gout and hyperuricemia and their treatment. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8: S1. Octavia, D.R., 2009. 'Uji Aktivitas Penangkap Radikal Ekstrak Petroleum Eter, Etil Asetat dan Etanol Daun Binahonh (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen) Dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1- pikrihidrazil)', Tesis, . Universitas Muhammadyah, Surakarta. Okamoto, K., Eger, B.T., Nishino, Tomoko, Kondo, S., Pai, E.F., dan Nishino, Takeshi, 2003. An Extremely Potent Inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidoreductase: Crystal Structure Of The Enzyme Inhibitor Complex and

129

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Mechanism Of Inhibition. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278: 1848– 1855. Ozer, N., Muftuoglu, M., dan Hamdi Ogus, I., 1998. A simple and sensitive method for the activity staining of xanthine oxidase. Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 36: 95–100. Pacher, P., Nivorozhkin, A., dan Szabo, C., 2006. Therapeutic Effects of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors: Renaissance Half a Century after the Discovery of Allopurinol. Pharmacological reviews, 58: 87–114. Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S., dan Vyvyan, J.R., 2013. Introduction to Spectroscopy, Fifth Edition, Cengage Learning, United States, Pavia, Donald, L., Gary, M., Lampman, G., Kritz, S., Randall, G., dkk., 2006. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques (4th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. Pavia, Donald, L., Gary, M., Lampman, G., Kritz, S., Randall, G., dkk., 2001. Introduction to organic laboratory techniques (3th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole. Pierre, L.L. dan Moses, M.N., 2015. Isolation and Characterisation of Stigmasterol and Β -Sitosterol from Odontonema Strictum (Acanthaceae) 2: 8. Pisoschi, A.M., dan Negulescu, G.P. 2011. Methods for Total Antioxidant Activity Determination: A Review. Biochemistry and Analytical Biochemistry. 1:1 Pokorny, J., Yanishlieva, N., dan Gordon, M., 2001. Antioxidants In Food Practical Applications. CRC Press New York. Poulsen, A.D., 2012. Etlingera Of Sulawesi. Natural History Publications (Borneo), England. Prakash, A., Rigelhof, F., dan Miller, E., 2001. Antioxidant Activity, Medallion Laboratories Analytical Progress, 19 : 1-4. Rachman, S. D., Zakiyah M., R. Ukun M. S. S., 2017. Alga Merah (Gracilaria coronopifolia) sebagai Sumber Fitohormon Sitokinin yang Potensial, Chemica et Natura Acta, 5 (3). Rahayu, M., 2006. Traditonal use of medicinal herbs by local community of Wawonii island, Southeast Sulawesi. Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity, 7: 245–250. Rajamanikyam, M., Vadlapudi, V., Parvathaneni, S.P., Koude, D., Sripadi, P., Misra, S., dkk., 2017. Isolation and characterization of phthalates from Brevibacterium mcbrellneri that cause cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest. EXCLI Journal, 16: 375–387. Ralph, S., Landucci, L., dan Ralph, J., 2004. NMR Database of Lignin and Cell Wall Model Compounds. One Gifford Pinchot Drive,USA Riset Tumbuhan Obat dan Jamu (RISTOJA). 2015. Laporan Nasional Eksplorasi Pengetahuan Lokal Etnomedisin dan Tumbuhan Obat Berbasis Komunitas di Indonesia, Lembaga Penerbitan Badan Litbangkes, Jakarta Riset Tumbuhan Obat dan Jamu (RISTOJA). 2012. Laporan Nasional Eksplorasi Pengetahuan Lokal Etnomedisin dan Tumbuhan Obat Berbasis Komunitas di Indonesia, Lembaga Penerbitan Badan Litbangkes, Jakarta

130

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Reynertson, K.A., 2007. Phytochemical Analysis Of Bioactive Constituents From Edible Myrtaceae Fruits, Dissertation, University of New York. Rice-Evans, C., Miller, N., Bolwell, P., Bramley, P., dan Pridham, J., 1995. The Relative Antioxidant Activities of Plant Derived Polyphenolic Flavonoids. Free Radical Research, 22: 375. Robert, L.Y., 2012. Free Radical Biomedicine: Principles, Clinical Correlations, and Methodologies. Bentham Books, Blacksburg Virginia, USA Roddy, E. dan Doherty, M., 2010. Epidemiology of gout. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 12: 223. Rohman, A., 2014. Statistika Dan Kemometrika Dasar Dalam Analisis Farmasi. Pustaka Belajar. Rosandy, A.R., Din, L.B., Yaacob, W.A., Yusoff, N.I., Sahidin, I., Latip, J., dkk., 2013. Isolation And Characteriza Of Compunds From The Stem Bark Of Uvaria Rufa (Annonaceae) 17: 9. Ruslin, R., Asmawi, M.Z., Rianse, U., Sahidin, I., Dhianawaty, D., Soemardji, A.A., dkk., 2013. Anti-hypertensive activity of Alang–Alang (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. root methanolic extract on male Wistar rat. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4: 537– 542. Ruslin dan Sahidin, I., 2008. Identification and determination of traditional medicinal plants of Southeast Sulawesi People at Arboretum Prof. Mahmud Hamundu Haluoleo University. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy, 0: 101–107. Saag, K.G. dan Choi, H., 2006. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 8: S2. Sabandar, C.W., Ahmat, N., Jaafar, F.M., dan Sahidin, I., 2013. Medicinal property, phytochemistry and pharmacology of several Jatropha species (Euphorbiaceae): A review. Phytochemistry, 85: 7–29. Sabilu, Y., Yori, B., Tawa, R.A., dan Paddo, J., 2011. Kajian pemanfaatan dan observasi klinis tumbuhan sikala/walae (Etlingera elatior) sebagai obat tradisional penyembuhan gejala demam tifoid bagi masyarakat kabupaten Kolaka Utara. Sahidin, 2006. 'Keanekaragaman Senyawa Oligomer Resveratrol dari Tumbuhan Hopea dan Tumbuhan Sejenis dari Famili Dipterocarpaceae Indonesia', Desertasi, . Institut Tekhnologi Bandung, Bandung. Sahidin, Hakim, E.H., Lia, D.J., Syah, Y.M., Laily bin Din, Ghisalberti, E.L., dkk., 2005. Cytotoxic Properties of Oligostilbenoids from the Tree Barks of Hopea dryobalanoides. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 60: 723–727. Sahidin, I., Suwandi, A., Nohong, dan Manggau, M.A., 2015. Profile of anticancer and radical scavenging activities of steroids from stems of Polygonum pulchrum. International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 6: 2178–2184. Sahidin, Nohong, Sani, A., Anggrenimanggau, M., Sukohar, A., Widodo, H., dkk., 2014. Radical scavenging activity of triterpene steroids from stem of Polygonum pulchrum Bl. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6: 350–354.

131

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Sahidin, S., Ardiansyah, A., Muhammad, T., dan Marianti, M., 2012. Terpenoids From The Stem Bark Of atropha Plants And Their Biological Activities. MAKARA of Science Series, 15: . Sahidin, S., Nakazibwe, S., Taher, M., dan Saxena, A.K., 2011. SJA Ichwan Antiproliferative activity of Curcusone B from Jatropha Curcas on human cancer cell lines Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci, 5: 47–51. Sahidin, Wahyuni, W., Malaka, M.H., A, J., Imran, I., dan Manggau, M.A., 2018. Evaluation of Antiradical Scavenger Activity of Extract and Compouds from Etlingera calophrys Stems. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11: 238–241. Sastrohamidjojo, H., 2007. Kromatografi. Leberty, Yogyakarta. Save, S.A., Lokhande, R.S., dan Chowdhary, A.S., 2015. Determination of 1, 2- Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester from the twigs of Thevetia peruviana as a Colwell Biomarker 2: 14. Setyowati, Jenie, Sudarsono, Kardono, Rahmat, dan Meiyanto, 2007 Isolasi Senyawa Sitotoksik Spons Kaliasis, Majalah. Farmasi. Indonesia 18(4). Sihombing, C.N., Wathoni, N., dan Rusdiana, T., 2008. Formulasi Gel Antioksidan Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Dengan Menggunakan Basis AQUPEC 505 HV. Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Padjadjaran- Sumedang, 12. Silverstein, R.M., Bassler, G.C., dan Morrill, T.C., 2007. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 7th edition. ed. Wiley, New York. Siti Mohamed Isa, Abdulwali Ablat, dan Jamaludin Mohamad, 2018. The Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Plumeria rubra Flowers. Molecules, 23: 400. Stahl, E., 1970. Analisis Obat Secara Kromatografi Dan Mikroskopi, Diterjemahkan Oleh Kosasih Padmawinata Dan Iwang Soediro, Tahun 1985. ITB, Bandung. Syah, Y.M., 2016. Dasar-Dasar Penentuan Struktur Molekul Berdasarkan Data Spektrum 1H Dan 13C NMR. Laboratorium Spektroskopi Massa dan NMR, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Institut Teknologi Bandung. Tachai, S., Wangkarn, S., dan Nuntawong, N., 2014. Chemical constituents of the rhizome oils of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R.M.Sm. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 57: 410–415. Tadtong, S., Wannakhot, P., Poolsawat, W., Athikomkulchai, S., dan Ruangrungsi, N., 2009. Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil from Etlingera punicea Rhizome. Journal of Health Research, 23(2): 77-79 Tantry, M., Radwan, M., Akbar, S., dan Khan, I., 2012. 5, 6- Dihydropyranobenzopyrone: A previously undetermined antioxidant isolated from Polygonum amplexicaule. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 10(1): 28–31. Tjay, T.H. dan Rahardja, K., 2007. Obat-obat penting: khasiat, penggunaan dan efek-efek sampingnya, VI. ed. Elex Media Komputindo. Vahirua-Lechat, I., Mitermite, Y., dan Menut, C., 2010. Aromatic Plants of French Polynesia. IV. Composition and Chemical Variations of the

132

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Essential Oils of Leaves of Etlingera cevuga (Seeman) R.E. Smith. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22: 407–409. Vairappan, C.S., Nagappan, T., dan Palaniveloo, K., 2012. Essential oil composition, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of five Etlingera species from Borneo. Natural product communications, 7(2): 239–242. Wahyu Widyanto, F., 2017. Artritis GOUT Dan Perkembangannya. Saintika Medika, 10: 145. Wang, J., 2017. Anti-diabetic activity of stigmasterol from soybean oil by targeting the GLUT4 glucose transporter . Food & Nutrition Research, 61:1-13. Weaver, A.L., 2008. Epidemiology of gout. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 75: S9–S12. Widodo, H., Sismindari, S., Asmara, W., dan Rohman, A., 2019. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected medicinal plants used for liver diseases and its classification with chemometrics. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 9(6):99-105 Wijekoon, M.M.J., O., Bhat, R., dan Karim, A.A., 2011. Effect of extraction solvents on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of bunga kantan (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescence. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24: 615–619. Williams, C.A. dan Harborne, J.B., 1977. The Leaf Flavonoids of the . Pergamon Press. Printed in England.5:221-229 Williams, D.H. dan Fleming, I., 2008. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Winarsi H., 2007, Antioksidan Alami dan Radikal Bebas, Potensi dan Aplikasinya dalam Kesehatan, Kanasius, Yogyakarta Wong, K.C., Sivasothy, Y., Boey, P.L., Osman, H., dan Sulaiman, B., 2010. Essential Oils of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith and Etlingera littoralis (Koenig) Giseke. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 22: 461–466. Wright, J.S., Johnson, E.R., dan DiLabio, G.A., 2001. Predicting the Activity of Phenolic Antioxidants: Theoretical Method, Analysis of Substituent Effects, and Application to Major Families of Antioxidants. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123: 1173–1183. Yahya, M.A.A., Yaacob, W.A., dan Nazlina, I., 2011. Isolation Of Chemical Constituents From Rhizomes of Etlingera sphaerocephala Var. Grandiflora 15: 5. Yusuf, A.J., Abdullahi, M.I., Aleku, G.A., Ibrahim, I.A.A., Alebiosu, C.O., Yahaya, M., dkk., 2018. Antimicrobial activity of stigmasterol from the stem bark of Neocarya macrophylla. Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development, 2: . Zhou, H., Xu, Y., Chen, T., Suzuki, I., dan Li, G., 2006. Electrochemistry of Xanthine Oxidase and Its Interaction with Nitric Oxide. Analytical Sciences, 22: 337–340. Zhu, Y., Pandya, B.J., dan Choi, H.K., 2011. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and

133

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Batang Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen Terhadap Penghambatan Enzim Xantin Oksidase Serta Penangkapan Radikal Bebbas DPPH ASRIULLAH JABBAR, Prof. Dr. apt. Subagus Wahyuono, M.Sc; Prof. Dr. I Sahidin, M.Si; Dr. apt. Ika Puspitasari, M.Si Universitas Gadjah Mada, 2021 | Diunduh dari http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/

Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 63: 3136–3141.

134