THE IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY IN AMPANG WATERFRONT, ,

BY

AKO MUSTAFA RASOOL

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design

International Islamic University Malaysia

FEBRUARY 2013 ABSTRACT

The land use development and increasing population has brought significant changes in land cover and placed stress on water quality within tropical river catchments, including those of Malaysia and especially Ampang waterfront. There is a need to investigate the impact of land use changes on water quality, such as Ampang River, which is located in , since these provide the water resources that cater for the rapid urbanization and industrialization that characterizes Malaysia. The research aim is to determine the impact of surrounding land uses on environmental status of Ampang waterfront, which guided by four objectives. Different land uses are associated with different activities, and these activities may be directly or indirectly affect the quality of the waterfront. Findings from this study provides information for local river managers, development planners, and will assist them in minimizing the negative impacts of development on water resources, while promoting sensible planning within river basins especially in the newly developed catchments such as Ampang Jaya. An analysis of land use in the Ampang waterfront indicates that, there has been a significant change happen in the land use of Ampang Jaya because of the urban area that increased. This study suggests that up-scaling the findings of small catchment studies of forest removal is far from simple, especially in the wet tropics, where the impact of tree crops on water relations may be insufficiently distinguished from primary or secondary forests. According to the findings of the research, there is conflict between Ampang waterfront and the surrounding land uses. In addition, the intensity of development in the area (5km radius) is high. This signifies that the planning tools used in controlling development in the area are not effective enough. Commercial activity is among the main activities that affects the waterfront. Its effects manifests in different ways such as water pollution, land degradation, urban runoff and seasonal flooding. This can be through expansion of commercial lands and the use of agro-chemicals industrial activities affect the waterfront in various ways such as water pollution, also flora and fauna extinction in the river.

ii ﻣﻠﺨﺺ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ

Ampang - ) waterfront) . ﻓﻘﺪ أدى ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ وﺗﺰاﯾﺪ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن إ

اﻟﻮاﺟﮭﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺮﯾﺔ ﻟـ (أﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ ووﺗﺮ ﻓﺮوﻧﺖ - Ampang waterfront) . وﯾ ( - Ampang waterfront)، اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺷﺪ أرﺑﻌﺔ أھﺪاف. . ﺣﻮل ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷراﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه، ﻣﺜﻞ ( ﻧﮭﺮ اﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ - Sungai Ampang) ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ (اﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ ﺟﺎﯾﺎ - Ampang Jaya) اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ و ﺗﻄﻮر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺎز ﺑﮭﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺰﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ . و ﯾ . و واﻷﺣﻮاض اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﯿﻞ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ. وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ، ھﻨﺎك ﺻﺮاع ﺑﯿﻦ (أﻣﺒﺎﻧﺞ ووﺗﺮ ﻓﺮوﻧﺖ - Ampang ) (waterfront ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ ٥ ﻛﻠﻢ) ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة. اﻟ ﻟﯿﺴﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﯿﮫ اﻟﻜﻔﺎﯾﺔ. وﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺠ . اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﯿﻀﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤﯿﺔ. وھﻮ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻜﻮن أﯾﻀﺎً اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺮ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾ . ﮭﺎ دارة اﻷ وﻣﺨﻄﻄﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ، وﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪھﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ - ) Ampang Jaya). ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺤﺪد ( - Ampang waterfront) و ( - Ampang Jaya) ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ.

iii APPROVAL PAGE

I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion, it conform to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning.

...... M. Zainora Asmawi Supervisor

I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a dissertation for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning.

...... Rustam Khairi Zahari Examiner

This dissertation was submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional Planning and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning.

...... Mariana Mohamed Osman Head, Department of Urban and Regional Planning

This dissertation was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design and is accepted as a fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Urban and Regional Planning.

...... Khairuddin Bin Abdul Rashid Dean, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design

iv DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.

Ako Mustafa Rasool

Signature: ...... Date: ......

v INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH

Copyright © 2013 by Ako Mustafa Rasool All rights reserved.

THE IMPACTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON WATER QUALITY IN AMPANG WATERFRONT, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder except as provided below.

1. Any material contained in or derived from this unpublished research may only be used by others m their writing with due acknowledgement.

2. IIUM or its library will have the right to make and transmit copies (print or electronic) for institutional and academic purposes.

3. The IIUM library will have the right to make, store in a retrieval system and supply copies of this unpublished research if requested by other adversities and research libraries.

Affirmed by Ako Mustafa Rasool

......

Signature Date

vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Almighty Allah for His guidance, blessings and protection throughout my programme.

My sincere gratitude goes to my family for their marvellous support during the course of my studies, which has contributed to this great success. Indeed this is a great achievement.

I would like to thank my supervisor Assistant Prof. Dr. M. Zainora Asmawi for her support, guidance and comments during the process of carrying out this research and throughout my study. Her patience and time dedicated to this research cannot be estimate. May Almighty Allah bless you. My sincere gratitude goes to the entire staff of the Department of Urban and Regional Planning for their support and guidance. May Almighty Allah continue to protect, guide and bless you all.

My gratitude to the agencies and local authorities in Selangor such as: the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Department of Environment, and Ampang Jaya Municipal Council for their support during the research.

My special appreciation goes to friends and colleagues who have directly or indirectly contributed to the success of this programme, may Almighty Allah bless you all. Also appreciation goes to the entire members of the Kulliyyah for their caring, kindness and hospitality during the period of my study.

I thank you all for the support, kindness and caring.

vii اﻹھﺪاء

اﻟﻠﮭﻢ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﺠﻼل وﺟﮭﻚ وﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻚ وﻟﻚ اﻟﺤﻤﺪ واﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻌﻤﺘﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ وﺗﺤﺼﻰ وﺑﻌﺪ ...

ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﺤﺐ.. إﻟﻰ رﻓﯿﻘﺔ درﺑﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎرت ﻣﻌﻲ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺤﻠﻢ.. ﺧﻄﻮة ﺑﺨﻄﻮة ﺑﺬرﻧﺎه ﻣﻌﺎً.. وﺣﺼﺪﻧﺎه ﻣﻌﺎً وﺳﻨﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﺎً.. ﺑﺈذن ﷲ زوﺟﺘﻲ اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺔ .. ﺟﺰاك ﷲ ﺧﯿﺮاً

إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺬرت ﻋﻤﺮھﺎ ﻓﻲ أداء رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ أوراق اﻟﺼﺒﺮ وطﺮزﺗﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ظﻼم اﻟﺪھﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺮاج اﻷﻣﻞ ﺑﻼ ﻓﺘﻮر أو ﻛﻠﻞ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻌﻄﺎء ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻄﺎء وﺗﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﻮﻓﺎء ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﻓﺎء إﻟﯿﻚ أﻣﻲ أھﺪي ھﺬه اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ وﺷﺘﺎن ﺑﯿﻦ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ ورﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺰاك ﷲ ﺧﯿﺮاً.. وأﻣﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮك ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺎت ﻓﺄﻧﺖ زھﺮة اﻟﺤﯿﺎة وﻧﻮرھﺎ

إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻞ اﻟﻌﺮق ﺟﺒﯿﻨﮫ.. وﺷﻘﻘﺖ اﻷﯾﺎم ﯾﺪﯾﮫ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﻲ أن اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﺒﯿﺮة ﻻﺗﺘﻢ إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺒﺮ واﻟﻌﺰﯾﻤﺔ واﻹﺻﺮار إﻟﻰ واﻟﺪي ﻏﻔﺮ ﷲ ﻟﻚ واﺳﻜﻨﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺴﯿﺢ ﺟﻨﺎﺗﮫ أھﺪي ﺛﻤﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺛﻤﺎر ﻏﺮﺳﮫ

اﻟﻰ اﺧﻮاﻧﻲ اﻻﻋﺰاء و اھﻠﻲ واﻗﺎرﺑﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻟﮫ ﻓﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﻲ و ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻤﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻛﻞ ھﺆﻻء اھﺪي ﺛﻤﺮة ﺟﮭﺪي اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺿﻊ

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ...... ii Abstract in Arabic ...... iii Approval page ...... iv Declaration Page ...... v Copyright Page ...... vi Acknowledgment ...... vii Acknowledgment in Arabic ...... viii List of Tables ...... xiii List of Figures ...... xv List of Abbreviations ...... xix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Statement of problems ...... 3 1.2.1 Poor water quality ...... 4 1.2.2 Human intervention ...... 5 1.2.3 Urbanization Process And Land Use Changes ...... 6 1.3 Aim And Objectives Of The Study ...... 8 1.4 Scope Of The Study …………………………...... …. 8 1.5 Research Questions ...... 9 1.6 Significance Of The Study ...... 9 1.6.1 Significance Towards Environment ………………...... 9 1.6.2 Significance Towards Planning ……………………...... …..... 10 1.6.3 Significance Towards Community ………………...... 10 1.6.4 Significance Towards Local Authority / Agencies ..……….... 11 1.7 Organization Of The Study……………………………………...... 12 1.7.1 First Stage: Introduction And Theoretical Studies ...……...... 12 1.7.2 Second Stage: Data Collection...... 12 1.7.3 Third Stage: Data Analysis...... 13 1.7.4 Fourth Stage: Conclusion And Recommendation ...... ……..... 14 1.8 Limitation Of Study...... 16 1.9 Conclusion ...... 16

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW …….……...... 17 2.1 Introduction……………………………………...... …… 17 2.2 Definition Of Terms ………………………...... … 17 2.2.1 Land Use Planning ...…………………...... ………..... 18 2.2.2 Human Impact ..……………………...... …..... 19 2.2.3 Environment ...... 20 2.2.4 Waterfront...... 20

ix 2.3. Waterfront Characteristics...... 21 2.4 Function Of Waterfronts...... 22 2.4.1 Threats To Waterfront...... 23 2.4.2 Waterfront Management...... 24 2.5 Land Use Planning...... 25 2.6 Conclusion...... 27

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 29 3.1 Introduction .…………………………………………………...... … 29 3.2 Research Design ...………………………………………………...... 29 3.2.1 Quantitative Research ……………………………...... 31 3.2.2 Qualitative Research……………………………...... 32 3.3 Data Collection…………………………………………………...... 33 3.3.1 Primary Data – Questionnaire Surveys ..………...... 34 3.3.2 Water Qualty And Sampling ...………………...……...... 37 3.4 Data Analysis ………………………………………………...... … 39 3.4.1 Correlation Analysis …………………………...... 39 3.4.2 SPSS …..……………………………………...... ……..... 40 3.5 Conclusion .………………………………………………...... ….. 41

CHAPTER FOUR :THE STUDY AREA: AMPANG WATERFRON ....…. 42 4.1 Introduction …………...... 42 4.2 The State Of Selangor ..………...... ………... 42 4.3 Ampang Jaya Development ...…...... ……...… 46 4.3.1 Population Of Ampang …...... ……...... …..... 49 4.3.2 Transportation In Ampang ...... 49 4.4 Ampang Waterfront ...... 50 4.4.1 Location...... 56 4.4.2 Surrounding Land Use...... 57 4.5 Commercial Function Type In Ampang Waterfront ………………... 58 4.6 Conclusion...... 60

CHAPTER FIVE:DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS …………... 61 5.1 Introduction ..……………………………...... … 61 5.2 Role Of Local Authority In Environmental Protection…….……… 62 5.3 Sampling Test…………………………………...... 64 5.3.1 Electrical Conductivity ...... 65 5.3.2 Total Dissolved Solid (Tds) ...... 66 5.3.3 Salinity ...... 67 5.3.4 Ph Value ..……………………………………………....…...... 68 5.3.5 Total Suspended Solid (Tss) ...... 68 5.3.6 Non-Potable Water Standard………………………………..... 69 5.4 Questionnaire Survey For Technical Departments ………………… 71 5.4.1 Respondents Profile …………………………...... …...... 71 1. Respondents Age ..………………………...... ……...... 71

x 2. Gender Of Respondents ...………………...... ………...... 72 3. Highest Level Of Education ..……………...…………...... 73 4. Area Of Specialization .……………………..…....…...... 74 5.Years of Working Experience ………………………...... 76 5.4.2 Environmental Aspects Of Ampang Waterfront ..……...…..... 77 1. Opinion About The General Environmental Quality Of Ampang Waterfront .…………...... 77 2. Conflicts Between Ampang Waterfront And The Surrounding Land Uses ..……………………...….…...... 78 3. The Intensity Of Development In The Area Of Ampang Waterfront That Located ..……….…....…...... 79 4. Environmental Problems That Affecting Ampang Waterfront . ……………….…………...... …...... 80 5. Ranking Activities That Affecting Ampang Waterfront …………………………...... …...... 85 6. Causes And Effect Of Environmental Problems In Ampang Waterfront ...……………………………....…...... 90 5.4.3 Planning Aspects Of Ampang Waterfront ..………..…....….... 94 1. Planning Tools Used In Controlling Development In Ampang Waterfront ...………………………...... …...... 94 2. Department Measurement About Problems In Ampang Waterfront ...……………………..…...... …...... 96 3. Incorporation Of Environmental Components ...... 97 4. Opinion About The Effectiveness Of Management In Ampang Waterfront ….………………...... …...... 98 5.5 Questionnaire Survey For Public ………....………...... … 98 5.5.1 Respondent’s Profile ..………………...... …..... 99 1. Respondents Gender ...... 99 2. Respondents Age .……………………...... ……...... 100 3. The Ethnicity Of Respondents ...... 101 4. Occupation Of Respondents……………………...... 102 5. Place Of Origin For Respondents ..………………...... 103 5.5.2 General Information For Visitors Of Ampang Waterfront ...... 104 1. Frequency of Going To Ampang Waterfront……….…..…... 104 2. Spending Time In Ampang Waterfront .…….……...... 105 3. Kind Of Activities That Doing In Ampang Waterfront ...... 106 4. Satisfaction Towards The Creation In Ampang Waterfront ………………………...... 107 5.5.3 Perception Of Visitors Towards Ampang Waterfront Creation In Relation To Water Quality Reduction …...... 108 1. Ampang Waterfront Importance To Water Quality …...... 108 2. Source of River Pollution in Ampang Waterfront …...... 109 3. Positive And Negative Impacts Of

xi Ampang Waterfront …………………..…….....……...... 110 4. Recommendation To Preserve Water Quality In Ampang Waterfront ………….………………....……...... 111 5. Perception On The Role Of Ampang Waterfront ...... …. 112 5.6 Correlation Analysis ……………………………………………...... 113 5.6.1 Relationship Between Land Use Activities and Environmental Problems ………..…...... 113 5.6.2 Relationship Between Environmental Problems and its Causes …………………………...... 116 5 .7 Findings ...……………………………………………………....….. 120 5.7.1 Finding From Sampling Result ……………………………..... 121 5.7.2 Finding From Technical Department Questionnaire Result ….. 121 5.7.3 Finding From Public Questionnaire Result ..…….……...... 122 5.8 Conclusion ...……………………………………………….…....…. 122

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION …………………………………………………….….… 124 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………...……....… 124 6.2 Summary Of The Research Finding .………….………...……….… 124 6.3 Revising Objectives …..………………………………...………...… 126 6.4 Recommendations …………..……………………………...………. 127 6.4.1 Short Term Recommendations ………...………….……...... 130 6.4.2 Long Term Recommendations .. ……………………….…...... 131 6.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ..……………...... … 132 6.6 Conclusion .………………………………………………...….…… 133

BIBLOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………….…... 135 APENDEX I ….……………………………………………………….…….. 143 APENDEX II ….…………………………………………………….…...….. 145 APENDEX III.……………………………………………………….………. 147 APENDEX IV ….…………………………………………………….…….... 148 APENDEX V ….…………………………………………………….……..... 151

xii LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

3.1 : Steps In Conducting Survey Research 31

3.2 : The Station Coordinates Of Water Quality Test Samples 38 In Ampang Waterfront

4.1 : List Of Districts In Selangor Which Divided Into 9 45 Administrative Districts With Their Sizes.

4.2 : Area Of Ampang Jaya (Ampang Jaya Municipal 46 Council, 2011)

4.3 : List Of Existing Land Use 2007 - Ampang Jaya 48

4.4 : Population In Ampang 49

4.5 : Public Transportation In Ampang 50

5.1 : The Station Coordinates Of Water Quality Sampling In 64 Ampang Waterfront

5.2 : Electrical Conductivity Result For The Samples In 66 Ampang Waterfront,

5.3 : Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Result For The Samples 67 In Ampang Waterfront

5.4 : Salinity Result For The Samples In Ampang Waterfront 68

5.5 : PH Result For The Samples In Ampang Waterfront 68

5.6 : Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Result For The Samples In 69 Ampang Waterfront

5.7 : Raw Water Quality Standard For Malaysia 69

5.8 : Salinity Standard Of Water Quality For Non-Potable Use 70

5.9: Environmental Problems That affecting Ampang 81 Waterfront

5.10 : Ranking Activities That Affecting Ampang Waterfront 85

xiii 5.11 : Causes And Effect Of Environmental Problems In Ampang 91 Waterfront

5.12 : Planning Tools Used For Controlling Development In 94 Ampang Waterfront

5.13 : Correlation Test Between Land Use Activities And 114 Environmental Problems Of Ampang Waterfront

5.14 : Correlation Test Between Environmental Problems And 116 Their Causes In Ampang Waterfront

xiv LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Page No.

1.1: Flow Of Study 15

3.1: Research Process 30

3.2: Questionnaire Design Process 35

3.3: Location Map Of Selected Samples In Apmang For 38 Water Quality

4.1: Map Of Peninsular Malaysia That Is Showing Selangor 43 State

4.2: Map Of Selangor Showing The Districts In Selangor 45

4.3: Existing Land Use Map 2007 - Ampang Jaya 47

4.4: Land Use Percentage Of Ampang Jaya, Sources 48

4.5: Ampang Waterfront Satellite Image, Compression Map 52 For Land Changes Between (2004-2007)

4.6: Ampang Waterfront Satellite Image, Compression Map 53 For Land Changes Between (2004-2009)

4.7: Ampang Waterfront Satellite Image, Compression Map 55 For Land Changes Between (2004-2011)

4.8: Ampang Waterfront Location 56

4.9: Ampang Waterfront Surrounding Land Use 57

4.10: Ampang Waterfront Function 59

5.1: Location Map Of Selected Samples In Apmang For 65 Water Quality

5.2: Respondents Age For Technical Questionnaire 72

5.3: Respondents Gender For Technical Questionnaire 73

xv 5.4: Respondents Highest Level Of Education For Technical 74 Questionnaire

5.5: Respondents Area Of Specialization For Technical 75 Questionnaire

5.6: Respondents Years Of Experience In Department For 76 Technical Questionnaire

5.7: Respondents Opinion About The General 77 Environmental Quality Of Ampang Waterfront For Technical Questionnaire

5.8: Respondents Opinion About Conflicts Between 79 Ampang Waterfront And The Surrounding Land Uses For Technical Questionnaire

5.9: Respondents Opinion About The Intensity Of 80 Development In The Area Of Ampang Waterfront That Located For Technical Questionnaire

5.10: Pollution In Ampang River 1.8 Km Before Ampang 82 Waterfront

5.11: Pollution In Ampang River In Ampang Waterfront 82

5.12: Land Degradation In Ampang River 84

5.13: Land Degradation In Ampang River 84

5.14: Restaurant Using Terrace as Leisure Activities In 86 Ampang River

5.15: Under Terrace Car Parking In Ampang River 87

5.16: Playground In Ampang Waterfront 87

5.17: Commercial Activities In Ampang Waterfront 88

5.18: Waste Generated By Residence In Ampang Waterfront 89

5.19: Level Of Water In Ampang River - Ampang Waterfront 90

5.20: Growing Urbanization - Taman Halaman 92

5.21: New Houses for Sale - Taman Dagang Permai 93

xvi 5.22: Mitigating The Problems In Ampang Waterfront In 96 Term Of Land Use Or Water Quality

5.23: Incorporation Between Environmental Components And 97 Planning Process

5.24: Opinion About The Effectiveness Of Management In 98 Ampang Waterfront

5.25: Respondents Gender For Public Questionnaire 100

5.26: Respondents Age For Public Questionnaire 101

5.27: Respondents Ethnicity For Public Questionnaire 102

5.28: Respondents Occupation For Public Questionnaire 103

5.29: Respondents Place Of Origin For Public Questionnaire 104

5.30: Frequency of Going To Ampang Waterfront 105

5.31: Spending Time In Ampang Waterfront 106

5.32: Kind Of Activities That Doing In Ampang Waterfront 107

5.33: Satisfaction Towards The Creation In Ampang 108 Waterfront

5.34: Ampang Waterfront Importance To Water Quality 109

5.35: Source Of River Pollution In Ampang Waterfront 110

5.36: Positive And Negative Impacts Of Ampang Waterfront 111

5.37: Recommendation To Preserve Water Quality In 112 Ampang Waterfront

5.38: Perception On The Role Of Ampang Waterfront 113

5.39: Satellite Image Of Ampang Waterfront 2004 , Showing 119 The Places In Yellow Color Before Construction That Affected Water Quality

5.40: Satellite Image Of Ampang Waterfront 2010 , Showing 119 The Places In Yellow Color After Construction That Affected Water Quality

5.41: The Concept of Results in Ampang Waterfront 120

xvii 6.1: Flow Of Revisiting Objectives 127

6.2: Conceptual Model For Problem Solving For Ampang 129 Waterfront

xviii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AWF1 Jalan Ampang Waterfront One (Ampang Waterfront Street No. One)

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BP Block Perancangan (Block Planning)

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage

DO Dissolved Oxygen

DOE The Department of Environment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

GDP Gross domestic product

IIUM Islamic International University Malaysia

IWK Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd

LRT Light Rail Transportation in Malaysia

MPAJ Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya (Ampang Jaya Municipal Concil)

SS Suspended Solids

TDS Total Dissolved Solid

TSS Total Suspended Solid

WHO World Health Organaization

WPKL Wilayah Persekutuan (Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur)

WQI Water Quality Index

xix CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Land use represents the activities that take place on the land. It changes according the activities and needs over space, and time that human beings take the major roll for that. Human activities have great influence on waterfront ecosystem. For sustainable use of waterfront resources, it is very important to understand land use and its implications on waterfront systems. They are associated with various functions such as hydrological function, provision of service for the surrounding inhabitants, ecological value, also moderated the local climate of the region. These resources are fragile in nature and cannot withstand other human activities. Even with the importance and functions attached to waterfront, they are among the most threatened environmental resources.

The threats faced by waterfront can be attributed to underprivileged in land use planning, it can be land use change or land use modification. Land use planning evolves due to the geometric increase in the world population and the need for more land to support human activities through the provision of basic needs such as housing, commercial area, administrative and other facilities. It is also due to the need for protection of the natural environment for the reason that human beings interaction with it is unhealthy and unsustainable. These basic needs could be achieved with land use planning tools such as zoning. Zoning is a planning tool, which delineates areas where certain activities are allowed to take place and often specify details about the physical characteristics (Vince, 2005). It ensures proper presentation of various Land

1 uses in a manner that allows peaceful coexistence, and as ell, a mechanism used to ensure orderly growth, development and protect property values. Despite the importance of waterfront to the both local and global communities such as moderation of climate, a key factor in hydrological cycle, reduction of flood intensity, recharging of ground water, habitat for various flora and fauna and recreational areas for the local communities. They are being threatened by various urbanization process and various human activities. These raised the issue of the need for conservation and wise use of waterfronts to achieve sustainability.

The research is about the impacts of surrounding land uses on water quality in

Ampang waterfront. Ampang waterfront is a place of attraction in the state of

Selangor. It offers various functions such as commercial, attraction nodes, leisure places and public place. Ampang waterfront is one of the places located in the BP2

Block Ampang is an area that has been saturated with existing development some of

Ampang City Centre, housing estates and facilities planned and good infrastructure.

The main land use in the area is land use housing such as Taman Ukay Heights,

Taman Bukit Ampang, Taman Keramat, Garden Lights, Kampung Melayu Ampang

Jaya and Valley Village.(Ampang Jaya Municipal Council, 2011).

This research also focusing towards identifying and assessing the level of impacts of land-uses surrounding Ampang waterfront. The problems associated with this waterfront could be attributed to uncontrolled human activities, development and urbanization (which requires more space for provision of basic human needs such as residential, commercial, roads, and other infrastructure facilities) which could largely be attributed to explosive population growth, and economic expansion (or diversification). The study also identified the efforts of agencies involved in planning and environmental protection such as: Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya (Ampang

2 Jaya Municipal Council), Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia and

Department of Environment Malaysia.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

As an important subsystem of urban environment, urban river offers many kinds of ecological services, which benefit the city dwellers. However, with the acceleration of urbanization and rapid development of economy, urban river pollution problem are becoming more and more critical. This research describes the current situation of

Ampang Waterfront River and shows the rate of water pollution that has been happen in the study area by showing the problems and source of pollution.

With the rapid development of economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the river pollution occurred continuously, which results in the river ecosystems damaged seriously. Vast quantities of domestic and industrial wastewater flowed into the river, which leads to the water system become severely polluted. Accordingly, the function of river as resources was lost and the urban ecology and water environment are seriously deteriorated. The problems of urban river pollution and ecological damage are becoming more and more critical. According to the statistics, by the early

20th century, there is not almost a complete natural river in the world (Perrow MR,

2002). Therefore, it is urgent to develop a cost effective technique to manage the river water quality.

It is evaluate the impacts of urbanization on water quality pollution from an economic view. As discharges of both commercial and residential effluents have increased, clean water has become increasingly scarce. The distribution of houses also had large impacts on river water quality. The increasing of build intensity and service

3 sector products were both accompanied by increased pollution. Finally, Ampang waterfront facing threats in term of water quality.

1.2.1 Poor Water Quality

There is a need to control and maintain the quality of raw water in the river to ensure the safe quality of available water because the deterioration of water quality reduces the usability of the resources for multi stakeholders (Fulazzaky, 2005). The quality of surface water has become a critical issue in many countries; especially due to the concern that freshwater will be a scarce resource in the future so a water quality monitoring program is necessary for the protection of freshwater resources (Pesce,

2000). Since the data of water quality may be interpreted individually to explore the impact of the elements content in water to the environment and human health in accordance with the experiences and knowledge of personal experts, the results of water quality analysis become doubtful and yield uncertain information (Fulazzaky,

2005).

There is a long history of studies on the land use and land cover-water quality relationship. Such studies have revealed that the type and severity of water contamination often is directly related to human activities, which can be quantified in terms of the intensity and type of land use in the source areas of water that flows into streams and aquifers. One of the most important factors that can affect the quality of a water body is the land use within its watershed. Urban sprawl (particularly the paving of large segments of the landscape) can have significant and usually negative impacts on water resources. Although growth and land use change may be inevitable in many

4 communities, the way in which growth takes place affects its impact on water quality

(Reth, 1996).

Based on the results obtained from both integrated land use and observed water quality data, the negative effects of land use changes on water quality cannot be denied. As years pass by, we can see the reduction in natural land surface. Land degradation has significantly increased with increases in construction and developed agricultural areas. At the same time, a decline in the coastal water quality has occurred. Specifically, extensive increases in the water concentrations of metals have been recorded with the increasing build-up of an area. This phenomenon is significantly related to the land-based activities that produce domestic and industrial wastes. Increases in the development of industries and agriculture will also increase the accumulation of heavy metals in the water (Yunus, 2003).

1.2.2 Human Intervention

Water is crucial for every civilisation and human settlement. Safe and reliable access to clean water throughout the year is fundamental for sustainable population growth and development. The monsoon climate has for a long time challenged human kind to store water for the dry season (Barker, 2004). Most climate models agree that the trend of increasing temperatures due to anthropogenic influences will continue to

2080 and beyond, although there is less agreement on precipitation trends (Wilby RL,

2006). Human activities will have an impact on the quantity and quality of water in our rivers. Increases in population, such as those planned in the South East (SEERA,

2006); (New M, 2007) cause a water loss through abstraction and then a return through sewage discharge, with their added nutrient and chemical contaminant loads at different points in the catchment. Development of urban centres on flood plains

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