DOCSLIB.ORG

Parasitology Lecture 2010

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Parasitology Lecture 2010 Vector Biology 101 General Insect Biology & Relevance to Disease and Parasite Transmission Taxonomy and Systematics Phylum Arthropoda: The phylum is probably monophyletic, but with 4 distinct groups. It includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, centipedes, millipedes, daddy longlegs, insects, ticks, and mites, and spiders. There are over 1 million species of arthropods, making up the largest phylum in the animal kingdom. Phylum Arthropoda SubPhylum: Crustacea - lobsters, crabs, etc. SubPhylum: Chelicerata Class Arachnida- spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, etc. SubPhylum: Myriapoda Class Diplopoda - millipedes Class Chilopoda - centipedes Subphylum: Hexapoda Class Insecta - beetles, flies, moths, mosquitoes, etc. Phylum Arthropoda Metameric - (body exhibits true segmentation - replication of muscles and nerves) Tagmosis - (segments of the body are modified and grouped together to form mouthparts and body regions such as the thorax) Chitinous exoskeleton – nitrogenous polysaccharide Hypothetical Insect Evolution “Worm-like” ancestry Metamerism (true segmentation) Tagmatosis (segments modified and grouped together to form larger body parts) Class Insecta (Hexapoda) Six legs Three distinct body segments Two pair of wings Eyes are often well developed Insect Characteristics THREE distinct body regions: Head (feeding, sensory, CNS) Thorax (locomotion, respiration) Abdomen (feeding, reproduction) General External Morphology of an Insect Cerci Organization - digestive tract Muscular pharynx works like a pump sucking food in Salivary glands and reservoirs store saliva (parasites exploit this niche to reach their host) Food can be stored in the crop Proventriculus is muscular - Proventriculus limits food passing to the midgut. Organization - digestive tract Midgut- principal site of digestion and absorption. Malphigian tubules (excretory system) - water and solute reabsorption Many insect secrete a peritrophic membrane - encloses the food mass Gastric caeca increase the absorptive area Insect development Morphogenesis Hemimetabolous Gradual change from one instar to the next Body proportions change Wings develop at later stages Holometabolous Striking change from last larval instar to adult Sexually mature adult emerges General Insect Head The Insect Head Apis (honeybee) mouthparts Housefly mouthparts Anopheles (mosquito) mouthparts Piercing Sucking Mouthparts Other Medically Important Arthropods (non-insects) Arthropods affect the health and well-being of humans and animals in several ways: Direct Causes of Disease or Distress Vectors or Hosts of Pathogenic Organisms Natural Enemies of other medically harmful insects Direct Causes of Disease: Ectoparasites - ticks, fleas, mites Endoparasites - chigoe flea, myiasis Envenomization - wasps, bees, spiders Allergic Reactions - dust mites Annoyance - mosquitoes, black flies Delusory parasitosis (DP) - psychosis Vector Biology Arthropods as vectors of infectious disease (parasites) Vectorbone Agents of Infectious Disease Parasites Bacteria Fungi Worms Viruses Modes of Transmission Mechanical Transmission Biological Transmission Propogative (multiplicative) Developmental (cyclo-developmental) Cyclopropagative Pathways of biological pathogen transmission: Vertical transmission: Transovarial transmission Horizontal transmission: Venereal transmission Trans-stadial transmission Modes of Transmission General Category Specific Route Parasite/vector example Transovarial Babesia bigemina/tick Vertical Transtadial Borrelia burgdorferi/tick Venereal LaCrosse virus/mosquito (male↔female) Co-feeding Borrelia burgdorferi/tick Salivation Plasmodium spp./mosquito Stercorarian Trypanosoma cruzi/triatomid Horizontal Regurgitation Yersinia pestis/flea Assisted escape/passive Borrelia recurrentis/louse transfer Active escape/active Onchocerca spp./black fly invasion Ingestion by host Diplidium caninum/flea The Mode of Disease transmission Arthropod-borne disease (ticks, mosquitoes, flies) Modes of Transmission General Category Specific Route Parasite/vector example Transovarial Babesia bigemina/tick Vertical Transtadial Borrelia burgdorferi/tick Venereal LaCrosse virus/mosquito (male↔female) Co-feeding Borrelia burgdorferi/tick Salivation Plasmodium spp./mosquito Stercorarian Trypanosoma cruzi/triatomid Horizontal Regurgitation Yersinia pestis/flea Assisted escape/passive Borrelia recurrentis/louse transfer Active escape/active Onchocerca spp./black fly invasion Ingestion by host Diplidium caninum/flea What makes a good vector? Transmission efficiency: Transmission frequency: Vector Efficiencies and Capabilities Competence Determined in the laboratory Physical ability of a vector to acquire infection and infect a naïve host A competent lab vector is not necessarily important in disease transmission in the field. Capacity Measured in the field Uses components such as: number of vectors per human, number of human bloodmeals per day per vector, daily survival rate, and the extrinsic incubation rate of pathogen; Vector efficiency is expressed in terms of low - high capacity Vector Biting Behaviors Activities Periods Nocturnal Diurnal Crepuscular Host specificity (blood meal source): Anthropophilic/anthropophagous Ornithophilic/ornithophagous Zoophilic/Zoophagous Feeding location: Exophilic Endophilic The Bug Walk Ticks and Mites - Ticks Generally macroscopic Haller’s organ - sensory, Ticks and mites are chelicerata - not olfaction and humidity insects Hypostome is toothed and exposed General body regions Transmit a number of human Gnathosoma (“head”)- carries the diseases chelicerata, hypostome Idiosoma - covered by a single Mites sclerotized plate and can be Generally microscopic further subdivided Lack Haller’s organ Hypostome is unarmed and hidden - small mouthparts Often possess hairs Family Ixodidae Hard ticks - hard cuticle Remain attached to the host for several days for feeding and become engorges (200-600x larger). Secrete a cement substance that helps securing them to the host No body segmentation Mouthparts visible from dorsal side 8 legs Questing in the open Family Argasidae Soft ticks Feed repeatedly, resting away from a host between meals Mouthparts visible from ventral side Questing in a protected environment (nest, etc.) Mostly ectoparasites of birds. Mites (small chelicerata 0.2-4 mm) Mite infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei Female mite burrows into skin, leaves tunnels, eggs, secretory and excrement behind. Causes sever itching, secondary infections Males remain on surface Order Siphonaptera - fleas Most are ectoparasites of mammals Bilaterally flattened Piercing/sucking mouthparts Feed exclusively on blood Highly evolved jumping mechanism - secondary loss of wings Important vector is disease transmission Holometabolous Medically important fleas Xenopsylla cheopis - rat flea - feeds readily on rodents AND humans Main vector of Yersinea pestis - the causitive agent of bubonic plague Medically important fleas Tunga penetrans - chigoe, jigger, (chigger) Endoparasitic flea - only a small posterior portion is exposed Anoplura Wingless Dorso-ventrally flattened Heterometabol Pediculus humanus occurs in two subspecies the head louse and the body louse The body louse lives mostly in the clothing and attaches its eggs to its fibers The head louse lives in the hair and attaches eggs (nits) to the hair Anoplura Lice are hemimetabolous, and lay specilized eggs (nits)" Anoplura !The crab louse is restricted to pubic hair !Lice transmit several forms of rickettsial typhus (febrile disease with high mortalities) !Both lice and typhus have flourished whenever people went to war. Often typhus killed more soldiers than combat Order Hemiptera - “half wing” !One of the largest orders of insects - 55,000 species !Still 2 sets of wings ! 1st set - leathery basal portion, membranous distal portion ! 2nd set - full membranous set !Dorsoventral flattened !Predacious insects !Family Reduviidae (reduviids) ! Assassin bugs - predators on other insects ! Kissing bugs ! Vector for Trypanosoma cruzi Order Hemiptera - “half wing” !Family Cimicidae !Ectoparasites !Cimex lectularis !Annoyance but not known to transmit nay disease Order Diptera !Flies !One pair of wings !Holometabolous !Huge group of insects with a number of medically important species. !120,000 species Family Culicidae !Virus and parasite transmission !West nile, encephalitis, Malaria, filiarial diseases !Sophisticated mouthparts !Long piercing proboscis !Length as long as thorax !Holometabolous with aquatic larvae !Distinguishing features among the medically important species Subfamily Phlebotominae !Sand flies !Very small - 1-3 mm !Only females feed on blood - usually at night or at dusk and dawn !Hairs on body and wings !Weak fliers - only capable of navigating short distances !Transmit Leishmania sp. Family Glossinidae !Tsetse flies !Fast flying insects !Day feeders (male and female feed) !Proboscis stick out in front like a tongue !Wings are folded like scissors when resting !Only in Africa !Transmit Trypanosoma brucei Polypneustic tubes: Family Glossinidae respiratory function ! Larviparous - give birth to larvae ready to pupate ! Deposit larvae in sand ! Larva dig in to sand ! ~ 15 min after “birth” pupation begins Family Simuliidae !Black flies - although most species are actually gray or tan. !Small stout body - thorax looks hunched !Active during the day !Painful bites !Transmits the disease Onchocerciasis Family Tabanidae !Horse and deer flies !Large colorful eyes !Large (6-25 mm) and powerful daytime feeders !Only females take a bloodmeal - required for egg development !We know them as serious pests - very painful bite !Transmit protozoan and helminth parasites Mullen, G. and L. Durden, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2002, Academic Press On Amazon.com for $97.42 (new) or $90.42 (used) .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phylogenomic Resolution of Sea Spider Diversification Through Integration Of
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929612; this version posted February 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Phylogenomic resolution of sea spider diversification through integration of multiple data classes 1Jesús A. Ballesteros†, 1Emily V.W. Setton†, 1Carlos E. Santibáñez López†, 2Claudia P. Arango, 3Georg Brenneis, 4Saskia Brix, 5Esperanza Cano-Sánchez, 6Merai Dandouch, 6Geoffrey F. Dilly, 7Marc P. Eleaume, 1Guilherme Gainett, 8Cyril Gallut, 6Sean McAtee, 6Lauren McIntyre, 9Amy L. Moran, 6Randy Moran, 5Pablo J. López-González, 10Gerhard Scholtz, 6Clay Williamson, 11H. Arthur Woods, 12Ward C. Wheeler, 1Prashant P. Sharma* 1 Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA 2 Queensland Museum, Biodiversity Program, Brisbane, Australia 3 Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 4 Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), c/o Biocenter Grindel (CeNak), Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, Hamburg, Germany 5 Biodiversidad y Ecología Acuática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 6 Department of Biology, California State University-Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA, USA 7 Départment Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France 8 Institut de Systématique, Emvolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Concarneau, France 9 Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA Page 1 of 31 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929612; this version posted February 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothesis of Eurypterid Palaeoecology
    Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 311 (2011) 63–73 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Testing the ‘mass-moult-mate’ hypothesis of eurypterid palaeoecology Matthew B. Vrazo ⁎, Simon J. Braddy Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queen's Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK article info abstract Article history: The eurypterids (Arthropoda: Chelicerata), some of the earliest arthropods to undertake amphibious Received 6 May 2011 excursions onto land, are generally rare in the fossil record, but are sometimes found in great abundance, for Received in revised form 16 July 2011 example in the Late Silurian Bertie Group of New York State. The mass-moult-mate hypothesis has been Accepted 29 July 2011 proposed to explain such occurrences, whereby eurypterids undertook mass migrations into near shore Available online 5 August 2011 settings and lagoons to moult, mate and spawn, similar to the behaviour of living horseshoe crabs. This hypothesis is tested using measurements from over 600 Eurypterus specimens from three localities in the Keywords: Arthropod Bertie Group; Eurypterus remipes, from the Fiddlers Green Formation, and the slightly larger Eurypterus Exuvia lacustris, from the overlying Williamsville Formation. Disarticulation patterns support previous evidence for Taphonomy moulted assemblages. A significant predominance of female exuviae is noted at each locality, unlike studies on Biofacies modern Limulus populations. Therefore, a modified mass-mate-spawn-moult hypothesis is proposed here: Silurian males returned to deeper waters after mating, whereas females, having mated, remained at the breeding sites Eurypterus to deposit their eggs before moulting. After hatching, eurypterid larvae and juveniles remained in these spawning grounds until they matured and could move to deeper water, in comparison with Limulus.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2017/035099 Al 2 March 2017 (02.03.2017) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2017/035099 Al 2 March 2017 (02.03.2017) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C07C 39/00 (2006.01) C07D 303/32 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, C07C 49/242 (2006.01) HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, (21) International Application Number: MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PCT/US20 16/048092 PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (22) International Filing Date: SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, 22 August 2016 (22.08.2016) TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (25) Filing Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (26) Publication Language: English GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, (30) Priority Data: TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, 62/208,662 22 August 2015 (22.08.2015) US TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (71) Applicant: NEOZYME INTERNATIONAL, INC.
    [Show full text]
  • Segmentation and Tagmosis in Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (2017) 395e418 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata * Jason A. Dunlop a, , James C. Lamsdell b a Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany b American Museum of Natural History, Division of Paleontology, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, USA article info abstract Article history: Patterns of segmentation and tagmosis are reviewed for Chelicerata. Depending on the outgroup, che- Received 4 April 2016 licerate origins are either among taxa with an anterior tagma of six somites, or taxa in which the ap- Accepted 18 May 2016 pendages of somite I became increasingly raptorial. All Chelicerata have appendage I as a chelate or Available online 21 June 2016 clasp-knife chelicera. The basic trend has obviously been to consolidate food-gathering and walking limbs as a prosoma and respiratory appendages on the opisthosoma. However, the boundary of the Keywords: prosoma is debatable in that some taxa have functionally incorporated somite VII and/or its appendages Arthropoda into the prosoma. Euchelicerata can be defined on having plate-like opisthosomal appendages, further Chelicerata fi Tagmosis modi ed within Arachnida. Total somite counts for Chelicerata range from a maximum of nineteen in Prosoma groups like Scorpiones and the extinct Eurypterida down to seven in modern Pycnogonida. Mites may Opisthosoma also show reduced somite counts, but reconstructing segmentation in these animals remains chal- lenging. Several innovations relating to tagmosis or the appendages borne on particular somites are summarised here as putative apomorphies of individual higher taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological History and Phylogeny of Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2010) 124–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Review Article Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata Jason A. Dunlop* Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Chelicerata probably appeared during the Cambrian period. Their precise origins remain unclear, but may Received 1 December 2009 lie among the so-called great appendage arthropods. By the late Cambrian there is evidence for both Accepted 13 January 2010 Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata. Relationships between the principal euchelicerate lineages are unre- solved, but Xiphosura, Eurypterida and Chasmataspidida (the last two extinct), are all known as body Keywords: fossils from the Ordovician. The fourth group, Arachnida, was found monophyletic in most recent studies. Arachnida Arachnids are known unequivocally from the Silurian (a putative Ordovician mite remains controversial), Fossil record and the balance of evidence favours a common, terrestrial ancestor. Recent work recognises four prin- Phylogeny Evolutionary tree cipal arachnid clades: Stethostomata, Haplocnemata, Acaromorpha and Pantetrapulmonata, of which the pantetrapulmonates (spiders and their relatives) are probably the most robust grouping. Stethostomata includes Scorpiones (Silurian–Recent) and Opiliones (Devonian–Recent), while
    [Show full text]
  • Regular Dorsal Dimples on Varroa Destructor - Damage Symptoms Or Developmental Origin? Arthur R
    Regular dorsal dimples on Varroa destructor - Damage symptoms or developmental origin? Arthur R. Davis To cite this version: Arthur R. Davis. Regular dorsal dimples on Varroa destructor - Damage symptoms or developmental origin?. Apidologie, Springer Verlag, 2009, 40 (2), pp.151-162. hal-00891992 HAL Id: hal-00891992 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00891992 Submitted on 1 Jan 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie 40 (2009) 151–162 Available online at: c INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2009 www.apidologie.org DOI: 10.1051/apido/2009001 Original article Regular dorsal dimples on Varroa destructor – Damage symptoms or developmental origin?* Arthur R. Davis Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E2 Received 6 June 2008 – Revised 29 October 2008 – Accepted 18 November 2008 Abstract – Adult females (n = 518) of Varroa destructor from Apis mellifera prepupae were examined by scanning electron microscopy without prior fluid fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying. Fifty-five (10.6%) mites had one (8.1%) or two (2.5%) diagonal dimples positioned symmetrically on the idiosoma’s dorsum. Where one such regular dorsal dimple existed per mite body, it occurred on the left or right side, equally.
    [Show full text]
  • Royal Society of Western Australia, 97: 57–64, 2014
    WA Science—Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 97: 57–64, 2014 Arachnida (Arthropoda: Chelicerata) of Western Australia: overview and prospects M S HARVEY * Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia. [email protected]. The history of the study of arachnids (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites and their relatives) in Western Australia is briefly reviewed, and the main periods of activity are documented: 1860s–1910s, between the wars, after World War II, and the modern era. The fauna consists of at least 1400 named species (but the mite fauna is imperfectly documented), and it is estimated that ~6000 species exist, the majority of which are currently undescribed KEYWORDS: history, pseudoscorpions, scorpions, spiders, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION nowadays known as Missulena granulosum (Cambridge). This species is quite common throughout southwestern The arachnid fauna of Western Australia represents a Australia where it persists in woodland habitats. The fascinating tableau of ancient relictual species and more next arachnid to be described was Idiops blackwalli recently arrived invaders. While the spiders (order Cambridge (1870) based on an adult male collected from Araneae) and mites (superorder Acari) are numerically Swan River. The species was quickly transferred to a new dominant, representatives of six other orders— genus by Ausserer (1871). Idiommata blackwalli is a large, Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, Opiliones, Schizomida, impressive species still common in the Perth region. The Amblypygi and Palpigradi (Figure 1)—have been found trapdoor spiders Aganippe latior (based on a female from in the state. The size of the fauna is unknown, but ‘West Australia’), Eriodon insignis (based on a male from certainly comprises several thousand species, the Swan River), and E.
    [Show full text]
  • Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 from China and Vietnam (Araneae, Ctenizidae)
    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 643:Trapdoor 75–85 (2017) spiders of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 from China and Vietnam... 75 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.643.10797 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Trapdoor spiders of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 from China and Vietnam (Araneae, Ctenizidae) Xin Xu1,2, Chen Xu2, Fan Li2, Dinh Sac Pham4, Daiqin Li3 1 College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2 Centre for Behavioural Eco- logy and Evolution (CBEE), College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 3 Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 4 Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Corresponding authors: Xin Xu ([email protected]); Daiqin Li ([email protected]) Academic editor: I. Agnarsson | Received 14 October 2016 | Accepted 12 December 2016 | Published 6 January 2017 http://zoobank.org/ED62B710-DC5C-4036-A4BD-E93752EDD311 Citation: Xu X, Xu C, Li F, Pham DS, Li D (2017) Trapdoor spiders of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 from China and Vietnam (Araneae, Ctenizidae). ZooKeys 643: 75–85. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.643.10797 Abstract A species of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 collected from Guizhou Province, China is diagnosed and described as new to science: C. liui Xu, Xu & Li, sp. n. (♀). New records of C. latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 (♀) from China (Yunnan Province) and Vietnam (Vinh Phuc Province, Ninh Binh Province), and C. ricketti (Pocock, 1901) collected from Jiangxi Province, China are also reported in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Fossil Data Increase Congruence of Morphological and Molecular Phylogenies
    ARTICLE Received 14 Jan 2013 | Accepted 21 Aug 2013 | Published 30 Sep 2013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3485 Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies David A. Legg1,2,3, Mark D. Sutton1 & Gregory D. Edgecombe2 The relationships of major arthropod clades have long been contentious, but refinements in molecular phylogenetics underpin an emerging consensus. Nevertheless, molecular phylogenies have recovered topologies that morphological phylogenies have not, including the placement of hexapods within a paraphyletic Crustacea, and an alliance between myriapods and chelicerates. Here we show enhanced congruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies based on 753 morphological characters for 309 fossil and Recent panarthropods. We resolve hexapods within Crustacea, with remipedes as their closest extant relatives, and show that the traditionally close relationship between myriapods and hexapods is an artefact of convergent character acquisition during terrestrialisation. The inclusion of fossil morphology mitigates long-branch artefacts as exemplified by pycnogonids: when fossils are included, they resolve with euchelicerates rather than as a sister taxon to all other euarthropods. 1 Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. 2 Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK. 3 Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to D.A.L. (email: [email protected]). NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 4:2485 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3485 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications 1 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. ARTICLE NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3485 rthropods are diverse, disparate, abundant and ubiqui- including all major extinct and extant panarthropod groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) J
    Rediscovery and redescription of the type species of Myrmozercon, Myrmozercon brevipes Berlese, 1902 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) J. Kontschán, O.D. Seeman To cite this version: J. Kontschán, O.D. Seeman. Rediscovery and redescription of the type species of Myrmozercon, Myrmozercon brevipes Berlese, 1902 (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae). Acarologia, Acarologia, 2015, 55 (1), pp.19-31. 10.1051/acarologia/20152151. hal-01548336 HAL Id: hal-01548336 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01548336 Submitted on 27 Jun 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License ACAROLOGIA A quarterly journal of acarology, since 1959 Publishing on all aspects of the Acari All information: http://www1.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/acarologia/ [email protected] Acarologia is proudly non-profit, with no page charges and free open access Please help us maintain this system by encouraging your institutes to subscribe to the print version of the journal
    [Show full text]
  • Idiosoma Nigrum Targeted Survey
    DECEMBER 2012 SINOSTEEL MIDWEST CORPORATION BLUE HILLS IDIOSOMA NIGRUM TARGETED SURVEY This page has been left blank intentionally Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Blue Hills Idiosoma nigrum Targeted Survey SINOSTEEL MIDWEST CORPORATION BLUE HILLS IDIOSOMA NIGRUM TARGETED SURVEY July 2013 i Sinosteel Midwest Corporation Blue Hills Idiosoma nigrum Targeted Survey Document Status Approved for Issue Rev Author Reviewer/s Date Name Distributed To Date 0 J. Forbes-Harper M. Davis 28/11/2012 D. Cancilla W. Ennor 6/12/2012 ecologia Environment (2012). Reproduction of this report in whole or in part by electronic, mechanical or chemical means including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, in any language, is strictly prohibited without the express approval of Sinosteel Midwest Corporation and ecologia Environment. Restrictions on Use This report has been prepared specifically for Sinosteel Midwest Corporation. Neither the report nor its contents may be referred to or quoted in any statement, study, report, application, prospectus, loan, or other agreement document, without the express approval of Sinosteel Midwest Corporation and ecologia Environment. ecologia Environment 1025 Wellington Street WEST PERTH WA 6005 Phone: 08 9322 1944 Fax: 08 9322 1599 Email: [email protected] July 2013 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ VII 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rangelands, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]