MEEHAN. B. Index (V

UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY MEEHAN. B. Index (v. 3 of M.A. thesis

• '- .- H

• •

TIlE FORM, DISTRIBUTION AND

ANTIQUITY OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL

MORTUARY PRACTICES

Betty Meehan

1971

Volume 3 Index. INDEX TO ACCOMPANY THE MA THESIS OF BETTY MEEHAN (VOLS I AND Il) ENTITLED THE FORM, DISTRIBUTION AND ANTIQUITY OF AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL MORTUARY PRACTICES (1971) 1

A. ABANDONMENT i, 3-4, 6, 14, 91-92, 156, 203-205, 232, 255, 257 after unusual circumstances, 3, 4 as first procedure in compound disposal, 200 as part of compound disposal, 273 covered up, 207 distribution of, 226, Maps 3, 91 parts given, Table 23 persons given, 3, 204, 253, 254-255, Table lA, Table 23 preparation of corpse for, 3, Tables lB, 23B, see also POSITION FOR abandonment single traits, Tables lA-1C site of, Table 23A

ABORIGINAL MORTUARY PRACTICES all evidence, Map 1; antiquity of, 280-281; distribution of, 279; forms of, 278

ADELAIDE ABORIGINES (SA) 144 ADELAIDE AREA ABORIGINES (SA) 13 ADELAIDE (SA) drying, 208 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 110, 118, on free standing platforms, 91 non-earth structure on/near graves, 69 wrapping and tying, 50

AIRE RIVER EXCAVATIONS (OTWAY PENINSULA, VIC) 231-232 ALBANY ROCK (QLD) 207 ALICE SPRINGS AREA (NT) 47, 166 ALICE SPRINGS (NT) 73, 172, 222 AMULETS, 4, 28, 83, 90, 120, 145, 219, 220 making of 22, enclosed article, Plate V, see also CHARMS, RELICS

1 This index was composed by A. DRAKAKIS-SMITH and BETTY MEEHAN who would like to thank Dr E.F. KUNZ of the Menzies Library for giving his advice and time so generously, and often. 2

ANGAS, G.F. on cremation 17, 20, 26, 27, orientation of corpse for 19; drying 208, as first procedure in compound disposal 104, elevation in trees 10, 195; on free standing platforms 12, 13 mounds on graves 64 mourning caps 76 persons given burial 43 ·relics 220 unrecorded disposals 154

ANGIPINA AREA (SA) 173, 174, 189 ANOINTING 97, 104 ANNEAR 122, 123 see under BATES D. ANTAKERRINYA TRIBE (SA) 76 ANUS, see APERTURES APERTURES, sewn 104, 209 ARANDA TRIBE (SA) see ARUNTA ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, dated 229-272, Map 101 Miscellaneous 223-224 recent 225-228, Figure 22, Maps 64, 100 types of 154-155, Table 18 undated 155, 264, Table 30

ARCHER, J.R. 174, 177 ARCHER RIVER ABORIGINES (LOWER) 105 ARMLETS 87 ARNIIEM LAND abandonment 273 cannibalism as first procedure in compound disposal 101 compound disposal (incomplete) 203 cremation as first procedure in compound disposal 146; as pseudo compound disposal 23 elevation, as first procedure in compound disposal 125; in trees 8; on free standing platforms 110; on platforms attached to trees 8, on platforms in trees 194 grave goods 177 locality of grave 162 relics 222 wrapping 159

ARUNTA TRIBE (SA) 57, 61, 64, 73 ASHBURTON R.IVlER (WA) 48, 72, 81 ASH MOUNDS 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 213, 214, 215, 216 3

ASHES, as mourning cosmetic 291 as relics 219 burial of 28 collection of 28, 29, 119, 146; raked 26 27 reclaimed 23, 27 AUDLEY (NSW) 256 AUSTIN, J.B. 173, 174, 189 AUSTRALIA, central 45 east 38, 45, 50 north 125 northwest 8, 15, 50 south 51, 53 southeast 46, 50, 53, 56, 69, 71 southwest 48, 56, 70, 73 west 125 (see also under individual states)

BACKHOUSE, T. on carved trees 183 cremation procedures after 22, 28 earth structures on/hear grave 182 mounds over graves 170

BADGERY, A.D. 183 BAGS, as pillows 88 as relic container 219 dilly, use of 40, 83, 97, 113, 119, 120, 134, 137, 198, 201, 217, 221 disposal in 12 fibre as corpse container 202 fill 209 kangaroo skin 22 net 83 net, as corpse container 200, 209, 215 opossum skin 23, 27, 143 BALAMBALA (male) 100 BALLANTINE, Mr 215 BALLARAT (VIC) 60 BALL'S HEAD (NSW) 253 BALOODERRY, burial of 50 4

BANFIELD, E.J. 54 BANKS papers, cremation 18, 25 BARCOO RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (NSW) 133 BARCOO RIVER (QLD) 137, 197 BARK, as bier 36 coffin 88, see also COFFINS cylinder 197 kindling 36 removed as grave marking 70 platform 100 tea tree (ti-tree) ·35; see also WRAPPING BARANGARR DA RINGHA, cremation of 18, 25 BARRETT, C. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 134-135 compound disposal with two stage procedures 121 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 114 surface disposition 206 BARREN ISLAND see WEST HUNDER ISLAND (TAS) BARRINGTON, G. 26 BASEDOW, H. on caves, disposition in 201, 202, Plate 40 clearing around graves 82, 189 compound disposal with two stage procedures 116, 121 grave, fill 168-169; goods 177; posts 71, 187, 188 huts over/near graves 174 locality of grave 174 mounds on graves 64, 170, 171, 172 mutilation before burial 157-158 non-earth structures on/near graves 182 orientation of corpse 51 position of corpse in grave 47, 161 receptacles hollow, disposition in, 198 relics iii wrapping before burial 60 McGILLIVRAY in, 192-193

BASHAM PLAINS (TAS) 198 BASTING, of corpse 105; see also ANOINTING and CREMATION 5,

BATAVIA RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (CY) 105 BATES, D. on cannibalism 32, 33, 34, 39, 212 carved trees 70 clearing around grave 82 compound disposal with two stage procedures 121 decoration of corpse 44 dimensions of grave 56 disposition in caves 15 earth structures on/near grave 67 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 123 fire near graves 81 grave. fill 61; goods 61, 72, 86; posts 71 huts over/near graves 66 locality of grave 54 mutilation 44 niches in graves 58 non-earth structures on/near graves 68 orientation of corpse 51; of grave 58, 59 persons buried 43, 44 position of corpse in grave 47 prepa~ation of corpse for burial 45 ANNEAR in, 122, 123 HANN in, 173 BATHURST HEAD (CY) 159, 160, 161, 162, 174, 201, 221 BATHURST ISLAND (NT) clearing ground ~raves 82, 83, 190 grave, goods 177; posts 71, 72, 85, 188; site 163, 164, 168, 170, 182, 188 simple burial 84 BATTERSHILL, J. 70, 183 BEAGLE BAY MISSION (WA) 32 BEEMUNNY, burial ef 62, 88 BEENAK basket, 220 BELTANA AREA (SA) 33 BELYANDO/CAPE RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 115 6

BELYANDO/CAPE RIVER AREA (QLD) 18, 96 pseudo-compound disposal iv relic ~aking 9, 37, 39 simple burial iii surface disposition 5 tying 48 wrapping 50 BELYANDO RIVER (QLD) 133, 197 BENDANN, E. i BENNILONG, 18, 25, 26 BERNDT and JOHNSTONE 136, see under DAVIDSON, D.S. BERNDT, C.H. and R.M. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 135 clearing around graves 82 compound disposal with two stage procedures 122 crElniation 19, 27 persons cremated 18 BEVERIDGE, P. on grave care 90 grave fill 62 huts over/near graves 66 non-earth structures on/near graves 69 orientation of graves 59 persons buried 43

BEVERLEY (SA) 72 BIERS 40, Ill, 114, 115; shape of 104, 110 BINBINGA (Gulf of carpentaria NT) 98 BINDI BINDI 72 BINDING 48, see also TYING BIRTLES, F. 11 BLAXLAND'S FLAT GRAVE SITE (NSW) 251-252 BLINMAN ABORIGINES (SA) 37, 39, 56, 66, 73, 89 BLOOD, for smearing 96; see also MOURNING COSMETICS, ANOINTING BLOOMFIELD RIVER AREA (QLD) 138 BLYTH RIVER (NT) 113, 162, 197, Plate 37 BAOBAB TREE, as hollow receptacle 198; see also RECEPTACLES HOLLOW, DISPOSITION in BODY PARTS, elevation of 145; see also ELEVATION BOGABOD aee BOKABOD CEREMONY ""

BOKABOD CEREMONY 100, 146, 147 BOLLOON RIVER (NSW) 97, 110, 114 BONES BUNDLED see BUNDLING BONES SCATTERED see SCATTERING BONNEY, F. on grave lining 59 grave stones 80 locality of grave 54 mourning caps 76 BOOMERANGS as grave fill 62

BOOTIIA 88 BORA grounds 54, 70, 71, 89 BOULDERS, disposition of bones under 123 BOULIA DISTRICT (QLD) 87 BOULIA (QLD) 50, 62 BOUNDARY DAM ABORIGINES (WA) 33 BOULTREE 80, see under HOWITT, A.W. BOURKE AREA (NSW) 80 BOWDLER, S. 253 BOWEN DOWNS (QLD) 18 BOYNE RIVER AREA (QLD) 105 BRAIM, J. 191, 2181 JO~NSQN in 163, 168, 173, 176 BRANCHES HOLLOW, disposition in, see RECEPTACLES, hollow, disposition in BREMER BAY AREA (WA) 44 BREMER BAY (WA) 54, 56, 59, 72, 183 BREMER, J.J.G. 170, 177, 187-188 BRETON, W.H. 68, 69, 110, 119 BRETTA TURDI KURNAI 220 BREWARRINA (NSW) 62, 81, 88, 105, 192 BRIDE, T.L. 220 BRIDGETOWN (WA) 50, 66 BRISBANE ABORIGINES (QLD) 35 BRISBANE AREA 37, 109, 113, 137 BRISBANE (QLD) 8, 59, 81, 119 BRISBANE/GYMPIE AREA 37, 40 BROADBEACH (QLD) 248-251, 280 BROADSOUND (QLD) 16, 44 BROKEN HILL 179 8

BROKEN RIVER AREA (VIC) 10, 18, 23, 26 BROKEN RIVER (VIC) 20 BROOKE 105, see under HOWITT, A.W. BROOME/BEAGLE BAY AREA (WA) iv; 9, 39, 54, 66, 81, 116, 121 BRUNY ISLAND (TAS) 10, 19, 24, 27, 215 BUCKLEY, W. on cannibalism as part of compound disposal 38 cremation 27 elevation in trees 7 fire near graves 82 grave goods 21, 177 mounds over graves 170 preparation of corpse for cremation 19 preparation for cremation 36 procedures after cremation 23 BUDDHA (NSW) 186 BUDTHA twigs 88 BULLOO RIVER, see BOLLOON RIVER BULMER, Rev. J. 15, 17 BUMAKA (QLD) 206 BUNBURY (WA) 70 BUNDABER (SA) 26 BUNDLING 37, 125, 249, 263, Plate 48 BUNDLES, multiple 250 BUNGONIA CAVES (NSW) 200 BUNTINGALE (VIC) 216 BURIAL vii; 5, 14, 15, 24, 25, 42-90, 93, 105, 130, 141, 143, 144, 156-190, 225, 232, 235, 237-238, 247, 262, maps 65-84 Plates 28, 34; see also REBURIAL AND EUROPEAN INFLUENCE ON,

after cannibalism 34, 39 after cremation 23 after drying 104, 243 antiquity of 280 as final procedure in compound disposal 106, 116, 159, 242, Figure 12E as first procedure in compound disposal 131-140, 146, 156 as second procedure in compound disposal 115-118, 121, 124 as part of compound, disoposal 156, 242, 275-276 as simple disposal 156, 275-276, Maps 16-45, Table 19 of bones, iii, 40, 116, passim, 117 passim, 118, 120, 141, 193 9

of coffin 113 of cremated remains 214 of relics 111 persons given 5, 24, 39, 43-44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 67-68, 70, 86, 87, 89, 90, 136, 157, 184, 185, 186, 188, 192, 221, 223, 235-236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 255, 257, 258, 261, Maps 16, 17, 66, 67, Tables 9B, 19 as first procedure in compound disposal, 131-134, 137, 138, Table 15A of remains 101, Ill, 115, 119, 154, 221 participants in 43, 81 preparation of corpse for 44-46, 61, 157-162; ~igure I, Map 18, Table 9C, 19A; see also MUTILATION, ORIENTATION, POSITION OF CORPSE, TYING, WRAPPING; afgrave 59-60, 165-166, 266, Figure 26, Table 9M, 19D; of niches in graves 59, Table 90 procedures after 87 single traits associated with, see CARVED TREES CLEARING AROUND

BURIALS, extended, flexed, see POSITION OF CORPSE FOR BURIAL primary 265, Figure 24 secondary 245 simple 43-44, 241 BURKE RIVER (QLD) 40 BURNETT DISTRICT (QLD) 68-69 BUSHY PARK (VIC) 220 BUSSLETON AREA (WA) 48 BUSSLETON (WA) 61 BYRE see BIERS

CAIRNS (QLD) 106, 210 CAMERON 105, see under HOWITT, A.W. CAMPBELL, W.D. and BIRD, W.H. 119, 121 CANNIBALISM 15, 24, 30-41, 42, 44, 92, 130, 211-216, 227, 275, Maps 94, 95; Tables 7, 7A, 7B, 26 as final procedure in compound disposal 101-102 as first procedure in compound disposal 94-102, Figure 9, Map 47, Table 11 as part of compound disposal 31 as part of pseudo-compound disposal 31, 34-38, Map 15, Table 7E as simple disposal 31, 38, 41, 275, Maps 13-15, 46, 94-95, Tables 7, 7D before cremation 17, 19 denial of 41 homicidal 31-33, 37, 38, 212, Map 14, Table 7C justification for 32 mortuary 17, 19, 24 participants in 32, 33, 34, 39, 40, 98, 212 persons cannibalised 24, 31-33, Table IIA as first procedure in compound disposal 39, 40 96, 99, 100, 246 as part of simple and pseudo-compound disposal 34, 35, 121, 122, 123, 212, Table 7F preparation of corpse for, 33, 35-36, Tables 7C 7H 7I see also POSITION of corpse for procedures after feast 36-37; Table 7J token iv, 5, 9, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38-39, 40, 46, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100, 114, 120, 122, 143, 216, 220, Table 7G. total 31 11

CANOES, see COFFINS CAP, net, ceremonial 136 CAPE BARROW (NT) 198 CAPE BEDFORD AREA (QLD) 133 CAPE RICHE DISTRICT (WA) iii CAPE RICHE (WA) 81 CAPE RIVER AREA (QLD) 32 CAPE WESSEL (NT) 222 CAPE YORK (QLD) carved trees 71 disposition in caves 15 drying 107, 208 elevation 125 elevation, on free-standing platforms 110 grave, fill 168; goods 178 mutilation 45-46 relics 221-222 retention 145 tying 159 wrapping and tying 50

CAPE YORK ISLAND (QLD) 206 CAPEL DISTRICT (SA) 43 CARANDUTTA ABORIGImS(QLD) 194 CARDWELL(QLD) 221 CARNARVON AREA (WA) 33 CARVED TREES 54, 69-71, 85, 115, 120, 137, 154, 157, 161, 163, 164, 182-186, 188, 276, Maps 36, 81, Tables 9W, 19K, Plates 31, 32 CASEY, 233-234, see under GILL, E.D. CASEY and DARRAGH, 233, see under GILL, E.D. CASTLEREAGH/DARLING RIVER JUNCTION AREA (NSW) 206 CAVES, disposition in of corpse,S, 14-16, 92, 96, 122, 123, 124, 127, 134, 136, 141, 144, 156, 190, 199-202, 206, 215, 219, 226, 244-245, 274-275, Maps 8, 89, 90, Tables 5, SA-SE, 19N, 22A after cremation 29, 119 as final procedure in compound disposal 144 as part of compound disposal Maps 48, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63 as simple disposal 274-275, Maps 8, 84, 89, 90 persons given 15, 200, 201, 202, 231-232, 242-243, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, Table SA, 22 12

preparation of corpse for, Table 22B, see also POSITION of

CAVITIES IN GRAVES, see NICHES IN GRAVES CAWTHORNE, W.A. 45, 104, 110 CEMETERY, see GRAVE SITE CENTRAL AUSTRALIA 15, 52, 58, 80, 125 CEREMENTS 143 CHAMBERS IN GRAVES, see NICHES IN GRAVES CHANNELS, see TRENCHES CHAPLETS 73-4, 166 see also, GRAVE GOODS, KOPI CAPS, MOURNING CAPS, PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS CHARMS 28, see also AMULETS, RELICS CHEWINGS, C. 44, 58 CHIMURILIA, see CHAPLETS CHOWILLA (VIC) 223, 236-237 CLARENCE RIVER (NSW) 64 CLEANING, of bones, 96, 97, Ill, 113, 114, 119, 127, 135, 137 CLEARING, around graves, 67, 72, 82-83, 86, 87, 89, 90, 99, 127, 154, 182, 188, 189-190, 195, Maps 41, 83, Tables 9CC, 19M CLEVELAND BAY (QLD) 81 CLONCURRY RIVER DISTRICT (QLD) 35 CLONCURRY RIVER (QLD) 19, 24, 64 COFFINS 10, badura 197 bark 133, 197; Plate 11 bark cylinder 201 canoes as 59, Plate 7 capped 127 lareidjidja 197 log, hollow, upright 113, 196; disposition in 124, 133, 147, 159, 197-198, Plates 35-38, after cannibalism 100 pleat type 196 disposition of corpse in 134, 196-197 fill 201

COLEMAN RIVER (QLD) 106 COLLECTION OF REMAINS 21, 40, 90, 97, 117, 124, 137, 159, 197, 199 COLLIER BAY AREA (WA) 15, 39, 86 1 13

COLLINS, D, on abandonment 204 cremation 18, 25 grave goods 21 non-earth structure on/near graves 68 orientation of corpse 51 persons cremated 18 preparation for burial 50 preparation of corpse for cremation 19 preparation of grave for corpse 59 procedures after cremation 23 pyres, construction of 20 COMET RIVER (QLD) 200 COMLEROY ABORIGINES (NSW) 67 COMPOUND DISPOSAL i, iii-iv, 94-152, 228, 242, 245, 247, 251, 279-280, 281 Map 61, Tables 10, 18 final procedures 150-151, Figure 20, Map 63, see also BURIAL, CREMATION, RETENTION, TREES, hollow disposition in first and final procedures 151, Figure 21, first procedures 94, 149-150, Figure 19, Map 62, see also BURIAL, CANNIBALISM, CREMATION, DRYING, ELEVATION, RECEPTACLES, hollow, disposition in, RETENTION second procedures, see BURIAL, CREMATION, ELEVATION RE-ELEVATION two-stage procedures 121-123, Figure 12E CONNOR WELL, UPPER FINKE RIVER (NT) 58 CooLGARDIE ABORIGINES (WA) 67, 68 CooMOOBooLAROO (QLD) 56 CooNATTO (SA) 24 CooPER'S CREEK ABORIGINES 48 COOPER'S CREEK AREA (SA) 39, 220 CooRONG AREA (SA) 12, 104, 193 COORONG RIVER (SA) 91, 164, 173, 220 CORPSE, as pillow 144, see also RETENTION CORPSE CONTAINER, bark 217; see also COFFINS CORPSE FILL 24, 35, 44; see also BURIAL, preparation of corpse for COTTREL, A. 28 COULAMON 98, 114 14

COVERINGS 7, 266; Figure 25, Table 31 bark, 7, 9, 26, 90, 129, 133, 134, 137, 184, 185, 193, 196; see also PAPERBARK

basketwork, grass 12, Plate 4 blankets 19, 25 boughs 20, 26, 86, 117, 135, 207, 216 branches 115, 154, 194, 206 bushes 7, 9, 50, 117 canoes 207 cloth 7 debris 256 earth 24, 37, 86, 87, 98, 138, 216 grass 25, 90, 185, 193, 200, 209 leaves 26, 27, 86, 129, 135, 185, 206 limy materials 240 logs 25, 86, 87, 89, 115, 134, 135, 136, 194 mats 7 net 12, 66, 90, 115, 193, 210 paperbark 98, 194, 206 possessions deceased's 117 rugs, opossum 40 shells 256 skin, wallaby 200, 209 soil 89, 133, 134 sticks 9, 26, 27, 37, 61-62, 89, 117, 134, 136, 195 stones 24, 37, 39, 89-90, 247-248 timber 184, 188 vegetation 12, 39, 87, 154, 242 wood 89, 185, 263 see also GRAVE FILL after corpse COWARRWEL ABORIGINES (NSW) 110, 119 CREMATION 5, 7, 17-29, 21, 23-24, 39, 41, 42, 92-93, 96, 97, 98, Ill, 113, 119, 127, 129, 130, 137, 154, 202, 211-216, 227, 230, 236, 238, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249-250, 252, 261, 275, 280, Tables 6, 26, Plates 6, 49 after cannibalism 19, 34; after homicide 19, 26, 27; and cannibalism 211-216, Maps 94, 95 15

as first procedure in compound disposal 106, 113, 118, 119 as first procedure in compound disposal 146-148, 238, Table 17, Map 60 as first procedure in pseudo-compound disposal iv as part of compound disposal 24, 275 as pseudo-compound disposal 17, Map 10, Table 6B as second/final procedure in compound disposal 118-120, Figure 12 as simple disposal 17, 24, 275, Maps 11-12 before, cannibalism 24, 33, Europeanization 24-29 discreet 265, Figure 23 European influence on 25 mounds 211, 213 partial 17, 23, 25, 35, 44, 84, 97, 120, 121, 148, 202, 210, 215, 220, 230, 260 persons given 17-18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27, 130, 212, 215, 230, 260, Table 6A; as first procedure in compound disposal, Table 17A pile, see PYRE preparations for 19, 20-21, 25, 36. Table 6C, 60 71; not directly associated with corpse 122 probable 211, Map 95 procedures after 22-23, Table 6G; during 21, Table 6E see also COVERING, DEPILATION, MUTILATION, ORIENTATION OF CORPSE, POSITION OF CORPSE FOR TYING, WRAPPING site 20, 21, 24, 238 remains as relics 17; disposition of 17, 22 scattered 265, Figure 24 single traits 17-23, Tables 6A, 6C-6M, see GRAVE GOODS, ORIENTATION OF CORPSE, PERSONS CREMATED, PREPARATION OF CORPSE, PREPARATIONS FOR CREMATION, PROCEDURES DURING CREMATION witnesses of 28 see also REFIRING CREVICE, disposition of bones in 121, 136; see also CAVES, disposition in CROUCH, J.W.C. 16, 110 CUE (WA) 33 CURR, E.M. on abandonment 4 burial as first procedure in compound disposal 133 cannibalism 24, 30, 32, 33 16

caves, disposition in 200 cremation 18 elevation 110 fires in graves 81 grave goods on/near graves 73 grave shape 56 locality of grave 54 huts over/near graves 66 mounds on graves 64, Plate 8 preparation of corpse for cannibalism 35 preparation of corpse for cremation 19 procedures after cannibalism 37 procedures after cremation 23 retention after cannibalism 96 tying 48 EGLINGTON in, 40 McGLASHAN in, 115 MUIRHEAO and LQWE in, 115 CURRACURRANG (NSW) grave site 257, 259, Plate 52 CURRARONG (NSW) grave site 258-259 CURRONGALPA STATION (NSW) 162 CYGNET BAY 223

DAOA CEREMONY 147, see also BOKABOD, LARAGAN, MANJAR DAOAWAY MISSION (WA) 201 DALY RIVER/DARWIN AREA (NT) Hi DALY/VICTORIA RIVERS AREA (NT) 114 DALY RIVER (NT) 194 DAINTREE RIVER AREA (QLD) 202 DARGO ABORIGINES (VIC) 5 DARGO AREA (VIC) 37 DARLING/MURRAY RIVER ABORIGINES (VIC) 47 DARLING RIVER AREA (NSW) 77, 171, 176, 179, 181, 221 DARLING RIVER (NSW) 69, 79, 81, 84, 85, 163, 168 DARNLEY ISLAND MUMMY 209 DANWIN AREA (NT) 117 DATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE see ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 17

DAVIDSON, D.S. i, on burial after cannibalism 39 cannibalism 33, 34 disposition in caves 15 elevation, as first procedure in compound disposal 119, 124, on platforms 12, on platforms after cannibalism 99 mortuary practices, division of, iii retention as first procedure in compound disposal 144 simple burial 86 BER,NDT and JOHNSTONE in, 136 DAVIES, R.H. 129 DAVIS 165 see under SMYTH R. BROUGH DAWSON, J. on cannibalism 37 cremation 19, 27 compound disposal 127 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 119; modified III grave goods 21 persons cremated 18 procedures after cannibalism 37 procedures after cremation 23 pseudo-compound disposal iv wrapping and tying 50 DEATH POSTS 223 DEATH SONGS 28, see also LAMENTATIONS DEATH, violent, evidence of, 238, see also TRAUMA evidence of DECORATION, associated with burial 70, 116, 123, 136, 137, 178, 193, 214, 222, 223 of bones 96, 99, 114, 120, 121, 125, 127, 135, 159, 198, 220, 222, 245 of coffins 98, 99-100, 121, 127, 134, 135, 197 of corpse iii, 100, 104, 114, 116, 121, 135 of grave mounds 172 of skin 209 of wailing sticks 136 using ochres iii, 44, 96, 99, 104, 106, Ill, 114, 116, 120, 121, 127, 135, 208 DECORATIONS 105, Ill, 120 18

DELATITE REGION (VIC) 10 DELATITE RIVER AREA (VIC) 18, 23, 26 DELATITE RIVER (VIC) 20 DEPILATION 35, 44, 104, 134, 135, 143 DEPOSITION, see DISPOSITION DESICCATION, see DRYING DEVON DOWNS (SA) grave site 240-241 DHEAL TWIGS 88 DIAMANTINA/HERBERT RIVER AREA (QLD) 59 DIERI (SA) 39, 64, 77, 172, 220, Plate 23 DILLY BAGS, see BAGS DIMENSIONS OF GRAVE iii, 51, 56, 57, 58, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 116, 118 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 146, 165, 168, 230, 232, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 249, 253, 261, Maps 26, 27, 72, 73, Table 9J, see also GRAVE SHAPE DISEMBOWELLING, see EVISCERATION DISPOSAL, see DISPOSITION DISPOSITION, vii changes in v-vi dated archaeological evidence for, 265, 271, Figures 23-27, Map 101 of cannibalised remains 96 of dried remains 108 recent archaeological evidence for 225-228, Figure 22, Maps 64, 100 traditional 207 undated archaeological evidence for, Table 30 unobserved and unrecorded 154 see also CAVES, disposition in, COFFIN, hollow log, disposition in, COMPOUND DISPOSAL, LOGS HOLLOW, disposition in; PSEUDO-COMPOUND DISPOSAL, REMAINS, disposition of, RECEPTACLE, HOLLOW, disposition in, SIMPLE DISPOSAL, SORFACEDISPOSITION DITCH, see TRENCH DIVINATION 135, see also SORCERY DRESS, ceremonial 136 DRIVES, see NICHES in graves DRYAABA (NSW) 200 19

144, 192, 193 DRYING 13, 36, 40, 97, 99, 117, 119, 120, 122" 123, 127, 207-210, 219, 227, 242, 277, Maps 49, 93, Tables 25, 25A as first procedure in compound disposal 13, 102-108, 131, plate 12, Figures 10, 11, Maps 49, 50, Table 12 • persons given 208, 209, 210, Table 25, Plate 41, procedures after 102; by 104. DUBBO RAILWAY STATION AREA (NSW) 186 DUMMY MOURNING CAPS, see PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS DUNBAR, G.K. 48, 70, 80 DUNK ISLAND (QLD) 54 DUNLOP HOLDING (NSW) 75

EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVE 37, 67-68, 135, 183, Map 34, Table 9U mounds 68 passim 182, 184 ridges 69, 180-182, 185 seats 181, 185, 216 trenches 181-182, 185, 187, 190, 216 EARTHWORKS 68; see also EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES EDWARD RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 106 EDLINGTON 40 see under CURR, E.N. ELCHO ISLAND (NT) 192 ELEVATION, after cannibalism 34, 99-101, Figure 9 after drying 105 as first procedure in compound disposal iii, 109-127, 146, 159, 192, Figures 12-13, Map 52, Table 13, Plate 33 as part of compound disposal 11, 12, 274 final procedures associated with 125, Map 53 in trees iv, 6-13, 38, 39, 40, 92, 98, Ill, 113, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 133, 136, 145, 191-192, 194-195, 208, Map 6, Table 3; suspension from 110, 195, 198 as final procedure in compound disposal 115 as pseudo-compound procedure 6, Table 3B as second procedure in compound disposal 17, 105 as simple disposal 6 miscellaneous data for, Table 20B modified 111-113 persons given 6, 10, 192, 194, 195, Table 3A preparation of tree for 7, 10, Table 3H 20

single traits associated with 6-8 of bones 136, 137 cleared areas 82 corpse 9, 121, 190-195, 225-226, 274, MapS 6-7, 51-52, 85-86, Table 20A remains 37, 100 on free-standing platforms 11-14, 91, 100, 109, 110, 122, 192-194 Map 7, Table 4-4E, Plate 4, 5; see also WIRHALLI, platforms 98, 102, 106, 113, 114, 119, 121, 122 platforms attached to trees 9, 109, 110, 114, 119 platforms in trees iii, vi, 39, 105, 109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 124, 146, 194 parts given Table 20 persons given 113; as first procedure in compound disposal 110, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120-121, 123, 124, Table 13, 13A preparation of corpse for 191, Table 20B structures associated with 109-111, Map 51, see also PLATFORMS

ELGIN DOWNS (QLD) 18 ELKIN, A.P. on earth structures on/near graves 67 fire near graves 81 grave,fill after corpse 62; goods 61, 73; lining 59 niches in graves 57 position of corpse in grave 47 SIEBERT in, 77

EMBALMING 102, 104, 105, see also ANOINTING and DRYING EMBLEY RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 105 EMBLEY RIVER (QLD) 221 EMBLEY/BATAVIA RIVER AREA (QLD) 221 ENCLOSURES, see FENCES ENCOUNTER BAY ABORIGINES (SA) 118 ENCOUNTER BAY (SA) 18, 104, 119, 141 ETICUP ABORIGINES (WA) 56 ETICUP (WA) 70 ETHRIDGE, R. on burial 156, 163 caves, disposition in 200 carved trees 69, 183-184 21

grave, goods 167; stones 79 mourning caps 74, 75-76 non-earth structures on/near grave 179 position of corpse in grave 161 wrapping 160 JAMES in, 70

EUCLA ABORIGINES (WA) 4 EUROPEAN GOODS 50; see also GRAVE GOODS and WRAPPING EUROPEAN INFLUENCE on burial vi, 113, 130, 138, 163, 241 EUROPEAN TRADE GOODS 238 EVISCERATION 24, 44, 45, 106, 113, 137, 143, 193 before cannibalism 35 before cremation 19 before burial 44 ceremony 106 eviscera buried 106, 113, 137, see also MUTILATION

EWENS, Police Trooper (Blanchtown) 78 EXAMINATION, of bones 136

of corpse 138J see also EXHIBITION, EXHUMATION and REMAINS EXHIBITION of remains 124, see also REMAINS EXHUMATION 115, 133, 136, see also RETRIEVAL EXORCISM 29, see also SORCERY EXPOSURE of corpse 137, 141, see also DRYING EYRE's PENINSULA (SA) 64 EYRE's SAND PATCH ABORIGINES (WA) 4 EYRE, E.J. on earth structures on/near graves 180 elevation of free-standing platforms 13 fire on/near graves 8 grave lining 60 preparation of corpse for burial 44 relics 221, relic taking 83 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 144

FENCES 69, 80, 82, 84, 90, 178-179, 184, see also NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES FINAL DISPOSITION, places of 114 22

FINKE RIVER AREA (NT) 82 FIRE, associated with, abandonment 4 burial iii; 24, 59, 60, 72, 81-82, 86, 88, 99, 137, 189-190, 207, 243, 262, Maps 30, 40, Tables 9BB, 9N cannibalism 35, 36, 41 disposals 266, Figure 26 disposition in trees 8, 113, 130, Table 3K drying 104, 105, 106 elevation 12, 13, 114, 118, 121, 193 retention as part or compound disposal 96, 97, 98, 119

FITZROY RIVER AREA (QLD) 122, 123, 136 FITZROY RIVER (QLD) 122 F~AGAN, R.J. 13 FLINDERS RANGES (SA) 60, 81 FLINDERS RIVER (QLD) 195, Plate 34 FLOWER, W.H. 16, 122, 208-209 FOELSCHE, P. 117 FOREIGN INFLUENCE on Aboriginal mortuary practice 281, see EUROPEAN INFLUENCE on FORK, tree, simulation of, 115 FORREST, J. 172, 187 FOREST RIVER ABORIGINES (NT) 96 FOREST RIVER AREA (WA) 114 FOREST RIVER MISSION (WA) 171 FOWLER 54 FRASER, J. 54, 70 FRASER IS~D (QLD) 23, 144 FREW RIVER (NT) 171 FROMM's ~DING (SA) grave site 200, 209, 241-243 FUNERAL PILE 25, 26, 27, 28

GASCOYNE RIVER (WA) 72, 81 GEELONG (VIC) 18, 19, 27 GEORGE, burial of 61 GEORGINA RIVER DISTRICT (QLD) 9 GERALDTON (WA) 53, 170, 175, 179, 187 GIDGEALPA(SA) 243-244 GIDGINGALE TRIBE (NT) 100, 133, 146, 203 23

GILL, T. 62, 69, 141; MOOReHOUSE in, 118 GILL, E.D. 236; CASEY in, 233-234, CASEY and DARRAGH in, 233 GINGIN (WA) 68 GLENELG (SA) 220 GLENFIELD (NSW) 61 GNANJI TRIBE (NT) 120 GODDARD, R.H. 76, 160, 175 GODDARD, R.H. and OFFICER, G. 162 GOG STATION (WA) 224 GOOLWA (SA) 161, 167 GOONDI (QLD) 223 GOULBURN RIVER ABORIGINES (VIC) 58, 62 GOULBURN RIVER (VIC) 60 GOVETT, W.R. on carved trees 184, Plate 29 earth structures on/near grave 182 grave goods 177 grave mounds 170 locality of grave 164

GRAVE, characteristics o~Table 19C, definition of, viii GRAVE CLOTHS 143, see CEREMENTS GRAVE COVERINGS of bark 62, 88 earth 39, 62, 80, 89 grave goods 39 logs 62, 87, 89 rugs 62, 88 stones 39, 86, 87 vegetation 39, 62, 80, 87, 88, 89

GRAVE FILL 39, 61-64, 90, 167-169, Figure 6, Maps 32A, 75, Table 19F of animal skins 61, 62 ants nests 61 artefacts 61 ash 239

earth iii t 25, 61, 62, 87, 88, 90, 168, 169 logs iii, 62, see also tinilier sand 135, 168, 170, 239, 262 shells 239 sticks 61, 62 stones 61, 62, 168, 184 24

timber 61, 115, 168 vegetation 58, 61, 62, 115, 168, 169

GRAVE GOODS, associated with, abandonment 3, 4, Table lC burial 60-61, 67, 72-73, 74, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 89, 136, 154, 166-167, 175-178, 179, 184, 188, 192, 238, 243, 276, MapS 31, 38, 39, 74, 7g, Tables 9P, 9Y, 19E, 19U:: cannibalism 37, 39 cremation 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 Table 6F disposition in caves 201, 202 disposition in trees 8, 9, Table 3J disposition on surface 207 drying as first procedure in compound disposal 104 elevation 191, 194, 195, Table 208; as first procedure in compound disposal 113, 119 females 37, 39, 73, 88, 113, 135, 177 males 22, 37, 61, 72, 86, 135, 177 dated archaeological evidence for 230, 231, 236, 238, 239, 253, 262, 266, Figure 7 European 61, 167, 178, 184 specifically manufactured for burial 73-81, 85, 136, Map 39 Table 9Z, see also CHAPLETS, MOURNING CAPS, PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS, GRAVE STONES

GRAVE LINING, of cloth 60; clothes 60 earth 62 matting, brush 243 rugs 60 skins 60, 86, 210, 240 stones 59,60 vegetation 25, 39, 59, 60, 62, 86, 87, 88, 89, 133, 135, 137, 166, 238, 241, Map 30

GRAVE MARKERS 37, 64, 80, 115, 198, 206 GRAVE MOUNDS 25, 86, 116, 135, 169-173, 182, 188, Map 77, Table 9S, see also MOUNDS and EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES 25

GRAVE POSTS 71-72, 85, 86-87, 116, 154, 177, 193, 186-189, Maps 37, 82, Table 9X, 19L

GRAVE SHAPE 55-56, 71, 135, 165, 168, 171, 185, 241, 243, 263, 237, Maps 25, 71, Table 91

GRAVE SITES 11, 129, 183, 197, 232, 250, 263 (see also under place names) GRAVE STONES 78, 79, 80, 81, 85; see also GRAVE MARKERS GRAVES, STRUCTURES IN, see STRUCTURES GREASE, for embalming 97, 104; see also ANOINTING GREAT AUSTRALIAN BIGHT 92 GREADY SANDY ISLAND 23, see FRASER ISLAND (QLD) GREEN GULLY (VIC) grave site 232-235; antiquity of 280 GRIBBLE 70, see under HOWITT, A.W. GRIEF, assuaging of 143, see also CANNIBALISM and LAMENTATION GRIFFITH (NSW) 215 GRINDING STONE 158, see MIRI GRINGAI TRIBE (NSW) 54 GRINGKARI 104, see also SKINNING and WHITENING of corpse GROOTE EYLANDT (NT) 127, 202 GULF COAST (QLD) 120 GULF OF CARPENTARIA ABORIGINES 99 GULF OF CARPENTARIA, THE 8, 92 GUM TREES, as hollow recptacles 198

GUNN, D. 56, 11 GWYDIR RIVER (NSW) 70 GYMEA BAY (NSW) grave site 255-256; Plate 51 GYMPIE/BRISBANE AREA (QLD) 37, 39

HADDON, A. Cart. on elevation 117, 194 grave goods 178 huts over graves 175 Torres Strait mummies 108 HAGLUND-CALLEY, L. 250-251 HALE, H.M. and TINDALE, N.B •• on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 136 huts over/near graves 174 26

locality of graves 162 position of corpse for burial 161 tying 159, and wrapping 160

HAMLYN-HARRIS, R. on disposition in caves 201 drying 210 relics 221, 222 receptacles, hollow, disposition in 196 wrapping and tying 223

HANN, 173 see under BATES, D. HANN'S/DEVONPORT RANGES AREA (NT) 43 HANSON CREEK (NT) 44 HARPER, W.R. 78 HASSEL, E. on carved trees 183 grave goods 73 grave lining 59 grave shape 56 mutilation 44

HAWDON, J. on grave covering 172 huts over grave 174 non-earth structures on/near graves 180

HAWKER CREEK (NT) 194 HEAD-RINGS 74 HEEDEEK, cremation of 21 HELM, R. on fire near graves 189 grave fill 168 grave mounds 171 grave posts 186-187 huts over/near graves 174 niches in graves 165 tying 159 and wrapping 160

HERBERT RIVER (QLD) 69, 73, 82 HERBERT RIVER REGION (QLD) 66 HIAT, L.R. on abandonment 203 burial as first procedure in compound disposal 133 27

burial as second/final procedure in compound disposal 159 coffins, hollow log 197 compound disposal vi cremation 23 disposals i, iii disposals, double 146 elevation 100 European influence on cremation 146 locality of graves 162 modified elevation as part of compound disposal 113

HIPPI 88 HOBART ABORIGINES (TAB) 62, 83 HOLES, disposition of remains in 260 for cooking 40-41 HOLROYD RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 105 HOMICIDE, by Europeans 159 dispositon in caves after 199 elevation after 191, 192, 194 disposition on surface after 207

HORIZONTAL BUNDLES 250 HORNE, G. and AISTON, G. on cannibalism 37, 39 grave goods 73, 89, 176, 178 grave shape 56 huts over/near graves 67 locality of graves 162 mounds on graves 64

HOWITT, A.W. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 133, 137 cannibalism 38 clearing around grave 82 earth structures near grave 67 elevation 10, as part of compound disposal 118 fires near graves 81 grave, goods 61,73; lining 59; mounds 171 huts over/near graves 66 locality of grave 54 mourning procedure 77 non-earth structures on/near graves 69 28

position of corpse in grave 47 relics 220 retention as part of compound disposal 143 retention after cannibalism 98 tying 48 BOULTREE in, 80 BROOKE in, 105 CAMERON in, 105 GRIBBLE in, 70 JAMES in, 39 NASEBY in, 70, 89 HUNDRED OF BAKER (SA) 161 HUNTER, J. 23, 25, 44 HUNTER ISLAND (TAS) 215 HUTS ON/NEAR GRAVE 39, 66-67, 73, 90, 138, 143, 172, 173-175, 176 Maps 33, 78, Plate 25, Tables 9T, 19H see also NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVE persons given 66 native 174, see also WURLEY

ILYAURRA, The (NT) 50 INCINERATION 17, see CREMATION INCISION 35-36, 44, see also MUTILATION and PREPARATIONS OF CORPSE FOR CREMATION INJEEBANDEE TRIBE (WA) 123

JAMES, see under HOWITT, A.W. JAMES, G.F. 54, 58, 71 JANJIR (male) 100 JARDINE, see under ETHRIDGE, R. JIMMY WANAGGA 137 JINDABYNE (NSW) 70, 159, 160, 163, 165, 168, 171, 174, 186-187, 189 JOE, cremation of 28 JOHNSTONE RIVER (QLD) 197, 210 JORGENSON, see under BRAIM J. 29

JUKES, in BASEDOW, H. on clearing near grave 189-190 earth structure near grave 182 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 116 grave, goods 178, posts 187 locality of graves 162 in MOORE, D. on surface disposition 206

KABERRY, P.M. 96, 114 KABI TRIBE (QLD) 44 KAITISH TRIBE (NT) 117 KALGOORLIE AREA ABORIGINES (WA) 47 KALLAVA 99 KAMILAROI TRIBE (NSW) 10, 54, 70, 89 KENDALL RIVER AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 105 KENMERE RIVER AREA (TAB) 204 KEPPEL, H. 9 KEPPEL ISLAND ABORIGINES (QLD) 4 KEPPEL ISLAND (QLD) 122, 195, 199, 201, 203 KEW (VIC) 18, 19, 27 KIMBERLEY REGION, THE (WA) 123 KIMBERLEYS, THE (WA) 45, 92, 101, 121, 125, 136, 144, 145, 223 KING GEORGE's SOUND (WA) 57 KING JACKY, burial of 54 KING RIVER REGION (VIC) 10, 18, 23, 26 KING RIVER (VIC) 20 KITTLE, S. 19 KOJONUP ABORIGINES (WA) 56 KOJONUP (WA) 70 KONGARATI CAVE (SA) grave site 161, 209 KOPAI, see KOPI KOPI 79, 80 KOPI CAPS, see KURNO CAPS KOPANGA (NT) grave site 159 KOWRAREGAS TRIBE (QLD) 207 KOW SWAMP (VIC) grave site 235-236, 265 KUKATA TRIBE (SA) 61 KURNAI TRIBE (VIC) 143 30

KURNELL (NSW) 'Skeleton Cave' 254-255, Plate 50 KURNO CAPS 77, see also MOURNING CAPS, PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS, CHAPLETS

LABILLARDIERE, J.J. de, 212 LACHLAN RIVER (NSW) 71, 164, 172, 181, Lower 174 LAIRMAIRRENER TRIBE (TAS) 204 LAGLAUER, CAMP 114 LAGOON OF LAKES AREA (TAS) 204 LAKE ALBERT ABORIGINES (SA) 220 LAKE ALEXANDRINA ABORIGINES (SA) 102 LAKE ALEXANDRINA (SA) 13, 193 LAKE BOGA (VIC) 180 LAKE BUDDHA (NSW) 180 LAKE BONNEY AREA (SA) 174 LAKE FROME/TORRENS AREA (SA) 163, 182, 189, 174 LAKE GARNPUNG (NSW) 261, 265 LAKE MENINDIE (NSW) grave site 262-263 LAKE MUNGO (NSW) 259-260 LAKE NITCHIE (NSW) grave site 261-262, 280 LAKE STAPYLTON AREA (NSW) 172 LAKE WAY (SA) 59, 71, 82 LAMENTATIONS 13, 28, 29, 123, 133 LANG, J.D. on elevation 110; as first procedure in compound disposal 114-115 persons cremated 18 relic taking 38 retention 216; after cannibalism 96, 97-98 SCHMIDT in, 12 LANG 193, 198, see under HAGLAND CALLEY L. LARAGAN, ceremony 147 LARREKIYA TRIBE (NT) 47, 116, 187, 141 LAURA (QLD) 192 LAURA RIVER AREA (QLD) 197 LAURA RIVER (QLD) 196 LAVERTON AREA (WA) 136 LINDSAY 192, 177, see under WORSNOP, T. LINES, 50, see also CORDS and TYING LIVERPOOL RANGES (NSW) 70 31

LIVERPOOL RANGES/PORT STEPHENS AREA (NSW) 54 LIVING DEPOSITS 29 · , LIVING FLOORS 67 q LEOPOLD RANGES (WA) 173 LOCALITY OF GRAVE 53-55, 162-165, Figure 5, Maps 24, 70, Tables 9, 9H, 19B ants' nest 53, 54, 55, 124, 162 animal holes 53, 54, 55 at sea 16 burial ground 53; tribal 54, 55 creeks 43 camp 98, 163 coffin, hollow log 99 caves 163, 254 forests 53, 55, 162, 163, 164, 188 forked sticks 99 hills 53, 54, 55, 162, 163 holes 55, 98 house floors 54 lake-side 259, 262 living floors 53, 55 open air 206 pit, shallow 249 place of death 54 plains 164 platform 99 rivers 43; banks of 165 rocks 124 rock shelter ossuary 98, 99, 229, 240, 241, 244, 246, 247, 251, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258 sand 53, 55, 162, 239, 248, 261 soil 53, 54, 55, 163 secluded place 53, 124 swamps 235 trees 54, 55, 98 water 53, 55, 162, 168; beside water hole 120, 343; near sea 206, 229, 232, 237, 254 LODOON/AVOCA RIVER AREA (VIe) 54, 58, 71 32

LOG, HOLLOW, disposition in 98, 115, 122 (see also RECEPTACLES, hollow disposition in LOORA, burial of 58 LUMHOLTZ, c. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 137 cannibalism 30 compound disposal with t><:>stage procedures 122 cremation 21 dimensions of grave 57 locality of grave 162

MACARTHUR RIVER (NT) 223 MACOONNEL RANGES (NT) 222 MACGILLIVRAY 207, see under MOORE, D. MACINTOSH, N.W.G. 232, 261-262 MACQUARIE/BOGAN RIVER AREA (NSW) 179 MACQUARIE HARBOUR (NSW) 219 MACQUARIE RANGE (NSW) 166 MAGICAL OBJECTS 37, see also AMULETS, CHARMS, POINTING BONES, RELICS MALANGANGERR, rock shelter (NT) 246-247 MALPHIGI 97 MANDJAR CEREMONY 147 MANINGRIDA (NT) see MANINGRIDA SETTLEMENT MANINGRIDA SETTLEMENT (NT) 203 MANNELLEAN 215 MANSFIELD (VIC) 215 MAPOON (QLD) 221 MANUGUN (NT) 197 MARANOA RIVER AREA (QLD) 22, 105, 200 MARANOA RIVER (QLD) 48, 197 MARIA ISLAND (TAS) 212 MARKED TREES 89, see also CARVED TREES MARGARET BAY (QLD) 120 MARYBOROUGH AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 98, lOS, 133 MARYBOROUGH (QLD) 18 MARY RIVER ABORIGINES (QLD) 36 MARY RIVER (QLD) 36, 40 MATHEW, J. 15, 44, 119, 122, 123 33

MATHEWS, R.H. on grave stones 80 kurno caps 77 non-earth structures on/near grave 69 relic taking 37; relics 221 huts over/near graves 66 MAUSOLEUM 90; see also STRUCTURES, HUTS OVER/NEAR GRAVES McARTHUR RIVER (NT) 222 McBRIDE, I, 200, 252 McCONNELL, U. lOS, 113, 197, 202 McDONALD, A. 36, 40, 41 McDOUALL-STUART 171 McDONNELL RANGES ABORIGINES (NT) 117 McGILLIVRAY 192-193, see under BASEDOW, H. McGLASHAN 115, see under CURR, E.M. McPHERSON 105 MEDICINEMAN 35, 36, see also WITCH DOCTORS and SORCERY MEGAW, J.V.S. i, 256 MEGGITT, M.J. 44, 51, 83, 86 MELUKERDEE TRIBE (TAS) 4, 10 MELVILLE ISLAND (NT) burial 84, 86-87 clearing around grave 82, 83, 190 grave, goods 177; posts, 71, 72, 85, 187; site 163, 164 mounds 171 position of corpse in grave 161 MERRIMOKO (SA) 171 MESTON, A.L. 218 MILINGIMBI ABORIGINES (NT) 114, 121, 134 MILLER 5, see also NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS MILMERIDIEN, burial ground 180 MILOMUNGERY (NSW) grave site 167, 184 MIRI 158 MIRIAM VALE (QLD) 100, 122 MITCHELL, L.L. Major on clearing 189 grave goods 176 earth structures on/near grave 181-182 huts over/near graves 174 locality of grave 164 mounds 171 non-earth structures near graves 180 structures over graves 172 34

MITCHELL RIVER (QLD) 106, 120 MOAMA/WENTWORTH AREA ABORIGINES (VIC) 62, 89 MOAMA/WENTWORTH AREA (VIC) 43, 58, 66, 69, 82 MONTEPELIATTA 204 MOORE, D. 206, 207; MACGILLIVRAY in, 207 MOORHOUSE 188, see under GILL, T. MOORUNDI (VIC) 154 MORETON BAY AREA (QLD) 12, 18, 38, 96 MORGAN REGION (SA) 174 MORGAN, Rev. the 80 MORGAN TOWNSHIP 78 MORTUARY HOUSE 67 MORTUARY PRACTICES, disruption in 204-205; form of 278; distribution of 279-280

MOUNDS, composition of 64, 69, 90, 170, 171, 172, 173, 207, 215, Plate 21 covering of 71, 86, 154, 171, 172, 213, 214, 215 dimensions of 171, 172, 206 over grave 64-66, 71, 183, 185, 186, 192, 193, Figure 7 Map 32A, Table 199 shape of iii, 89, 99, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 185, 187, Map 77 near graves 37 see also ASH MOUNDS, CREMATION MOUNDS, EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES

MOURNING CAPS 74-77, 80-81, 85, 175, 176, 223, Map 39, Plate 27, Table 9AA, see also KURNO CAPS, PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS and GRAVE GOODS, specifically manufactured for burial, CHAPLETS

MOURNING CLAY 74, 76, 77, 87, 89 MOURNING COSMETICS 33, 40, 98, 114, 130, 135 MOURNING PROCEDURES 74, 97, 143, 184; by 74, 76, 77, 81, 97, 114, 138 MOURNING TABLET 223 MOUNT ALLOT (WA) 172, 187 MOUNT COOK (QLD) 161 MOUNT DISCOVERY (QLD) 197 MOUNT ENNISKILLEN AREA ABORIGINES (QLD) 133 MOUNT FERDINAND (SA) 170, 177 MOUNT MARMION (WA) 201 MOUNT NICHOLAS RANGE (TAS) 219 MOUNT REMARKABLE (SA) 17 MOUNT WAYO (NSW) 170, 177, 182 MUCOUS MEMBRANE, removal of 97, see also MUTILATION, SKINNING 35

MUIRHEAD and LOWE 115, see under CURR, E .M. MUIRHEAD 133, see also NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS MULLUK MULLUK TRIBE (NT) 64, 71 MULVANEY, D.J. 231, 241 MUMMIES 108, aIM also TORRES STRAITS, mummies MUMMIFICATION 102, 104, 106, Plate 13; partial 106. See also DRYING, as first procedure in compound disposal MUNDILLA STONE 175 MUNGARAI TRIBE (NT) 98, 124 MUNGO LAKE (NSW) 259-260 MURALUG (Prince of Wales Islands Torres Straits) 116, 117, 193 MURRAY BRIDGE (SA) 167 MURRAY CLIFFS (SA) 202 MURRAY/DARLING RIVER JUNCTION AREA (NSW/VIC) 77, 177 MURRARY/MURRUMBIDGEE RIVER JUNCTION AREA (NSW/VIC) 180 MURRARY RIVER AREA (SA) 44, 223 MURRAY RIVER, LOWER (SA) 64, 118 MURRAY RIVER (NSW/VIC) abandonment 92 carved trees 70 grave goods 85 huts over/near graves 173 mourning caps 76 mutilation 45, 46 preparation of grave for corpse 60 relic taking 83

MUTILATION, apertures sewn 7 body parts removed 7, 35, 44, 97, 104, 106, 113, 130, 136, 138, 143, 144, 210, 212 bones broken iv, 7, 9, 21, 27, 39, 44, 45, 111, 113, 119, 125,130, 133, 137, 143, 144, 157-158, 202, 210, 212, 215, 217, 221, 222, 230, 245, 246, 247, 252, 260 distention of mouth 90 dropping of stones on corpse 45 nail-burning 44, 45 skinning, 5, 7, 35-36, 40, 97, 100, 104, 138, 144 associated with burial 44, 45, 84, 90, 125, 157-158 associated with cremation 19, 21 associated with cannibalism 30, 35-36, 38-39, 40, 97 associated with disposition in caves 14, Table 5C associated with elevation 115, 122, Table 3C see also EVISCERATION 36

MYALL' s WELL (WA) 198 MYPOLONGA (SA) 161

NAIL BURNING, see MUTILATION NANGARARA (NT) 222 NARRAN RIVER ABORIGINES (NSW) 105 NARRAN RIVER 71 NARRING, disposition of 221 NARRINYERI (SA) 104 NASEBY 70, 89, see under HOWITT, A.W. NASSAU RIVER (QLD) 120 NATAL DOWNS/CAPE RIVER AREA (QLD) 18 NATAL DOWNS STATION/CAPE RIVER AREA (QLD) 137 'NATIVE KING', burial of 185 NAWAb~YN (NT) rock shelter 247-248 NEMBUK, burial of 43 'NEST' 80, 179, see also NON-EARTH STRUCTURES OVER/NEAR GRAVE NEWFOUNDLAND HOLDING (NSW) 160, 179 NEW SOUTH WALES, burial 87-89, 156, 157, 162 cannibalism homicidal 38 carved trees 70, 71, 85 clearing around grave 83 cremation 19, 25-26 drying as first procedure in compound disposal 107 earth structures on/near graves 68 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 125 fire on/near graves 82 grave fill 63, 168; lining 60; posts 72; site 164 huts over/near grave 67 locality of grave 55, 162 logs, hollow, disposition in 8 mounds on graves 64, 65, 169, 170, 172 mutilation of corpse 45, 46 non-earth structures on/near graves 69 orientation of corpse 53 platforms, free standing disposition on, 13 position of corpse 161 37

relics 220-221, relic taking 83 tying 49, 159 wrapping 159

NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS 5, 26, 57, 133, 174 NGARATTA, see BIERS NGARIGO TRIBE (VIC) 48 NGUNNHALGU TRIBE (NSW), man from 80 NICHES IN GRAVES 57-58, 60, 62, 118, 165, 168, 244, 262, Plate 20, Table 9K, 90, 9R

NIND, 57, see also NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVE 26, 68-72, 90, 117, 122, 178-179, 182, 189, 206, 207, 212, 213, Map 35, Table 9V see also FENCES, HUTS OVER/NEAR GRAVES, NESTS, PATHS, PLATFORMS, RIDGES, TRENCHES, SEATS, SHADES

NORTHERN TERRITORY, burial 44, 157; as part of compound disposal 139 cannibalism 38, 45 caves, disposition in 15 clearing around grave 82 depilation 46 elevation" as part of compound disposal 125; on free-standing platforms 11; on platforms in trees 110 grave, goods 73; lining 60; mounds 65, 170, 172 locality of grave 55 orientation, of corpse 53; of face 52 persons given, 244 relics 83, 222 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 145 trees, hollow, disposition in 198 tying 49 wrapping 223

NUENONNE TRIBE (BRUNY IS.) 4 NULLA NULLAS 123 NYAN-NGAUERA, mother 212 NYNGAN (NSW) 180 38

OCHRE, see DECORATION OENPELLI (NT) 217 OFFICER, G. 78, 79-80, 175 OODNADATTA AREA ABORIGINES (SA) 77 OOLDEA (SA) 58, 135-136, 212 OPEN AIR, disposition in, see SURFACE DISPOSITION ORD/NIGRO RIVER AREA (VIC) 216 ORD RIVER DISTRICT ABORIGINES (WA) 15 ORIENTATION, of corpse, 7, Table 9G,39., for cremation 19; for burial 51-53 161, 185, 233, 237, 239, 242, 243, Figure 4, Map 23; for drying 209; for simple disposal 247, 253 of eyes, for burial 51 of face, for burial iii, 51, 52, 86, 87, 161, Figure 3, Map 22; for cremation 19, 20; for drying 102, 104; for disposition in trees 119; for compound disposal 121 .. of feet, for burial, 51, 53, Figure 4, Map 23; for elevation 194; as first procedure in compound disposal 113 of grave, 58-59, 85, 89, 165, 237, 261, Map 29, 73, Table 9L of head, for abandonment 4; for cremation 19, 25, 26, 27; for burial 52-53, 86, 87, 135, 161, 185, 239, 240, 243, 263, Figure 4, Map 23; for elevation 119, 121, 194; for simple disposal 253, 255 of knees, for burial 263 of niches, in graves 57 of pelvis, for burial 263

ORNAMENTS iv, 24, 37, 39, 105, 111, 143, Pla·te 17, see also AMULETS, CHARMS and RELICS OTWAY PENINSULA (VIC) 231-232 OVEN, native 98 OVENS RIVER REGION (VIC) 10, 18, 20, 27 OVERLAND TELEGRAPH LINE (WEST of) ABORIGINES (SA) 15 OXLEY, J. on burial 185-186, Plate 30 cremation 215 earth structures on/near grave 181, 185-186 preparation of grave for corpse 166 position of corpse in grave 161 wrapping 160 OYSTER BAY grave site 214 39

PACKING, of corpse 141, see also BUNDLING and WRAPPING PADYPADIY (NT) grave site, 244-245 PAPERBARK, as stuffing 98, 100, 127; see also STUFFING, WRAPPING nest of 9 platforms of 39

PARKER, L.K. on drying as first procedure in compound disposal 105 elevation of corpse in trees 192 fire near graves 81 grave, covering 62; posts 71 simple burial 87

PAROOO RIVER AREA (QLD) 22 PARDOO RIVER, LOWER (NSW) 66, 73 PARTERRES, see RIDGES, see also EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES, NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES PARTICIPANTS, see under BURIAL, CANNIBALISM, CREMATION, DRYING, ELEVATION RETENTION PATHS 69, see also NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES PAU-TO, carrying of, 120, see also RELICS, RETENTION PEAK HILL AREA ABORIGINES (WA) 67 PENNEFATHER RIVER AREA (QLD) 144 PENNEFATHER RIVER (QLD) 119-120 PERON 212-215, Plate 43 PERSONS GIVEN, see under ABANDONMENT, BURIAL, CANNIBALISM CAVES, disposition in, CREMATION, DRYING, ELEVATION, NICHES, HUTS OVER/NEAR GRAVES, RECEPTACLES HOLLOW, disposition in, RETENTION, SURFACE DEPOSITION PERTH DISTRICT (WA) 85 PERTH (WA) carved trees 183 dimensions of grave 56 earth structures on/near grave 67 grave goods 177 locality of grave 54 mounds on/near graves 172 orientation of grave 58

PETERSON, N. 194, 222, Plate 33, 45 40

PETRIE, T. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 137 European influence on burial 138 elevation structures 109 receptacles, hollow, disposition in 199 trees, hollow, disposition in 199 procedures after cannibalistic feast 37 relics, 221; relic taking 37 sorcery 119 PIERCING 13, 88, 118, see also MUTILATION PILBARA REGION (WA) 15 PINE DISTRICT (QLD) 183 PINE MOUNTAIN (QLD) 134 PINE RIVER ABORIGINES (QLD) 70 PIPECLAY 76, 77, 79; see also MOURNING CLAY PIPER's HILL AREA (NSW) 181 PIPER's HILL (NSW) grave site 160, 161, 185 PITCHI, disposition of bones in 117; see also CAVES, disposition in PLATFORMS, in graves, 39, 109, 117, 133-134; see also STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES, BIERS, CREMATION, DRYING, ELEVATION POINTING BONE 116, 220; see also MAGICAL OBJECTS, SORCERY POINT TORMENT (WA) 198 PORT AUGUSTA (SA) 24 PORT DAVEY (TAB) 204 PORT ESSINGTON (NT) 9, 217 PORT FAIRY DISTRICT (VIC) 27, 50, 127 PORT FAIRY (VIC) iv, 18, 19, 21, Ill, 119 PORT HACKING (NSW) i PORT HEADLAND (WA) 12, 15 PORT JACKS ON AREA (NSW) 170 PORT LIHOU (QLD) 162, 172, 182, 187, 190 PORT LINCOLN AREA (SA) 174 PORT LINCOLN (SA) 62, 69 PORTLAND BAY AREA (VIC) 19 PORTLAND BAY (VIC) 17, 26, 27 PORT JACKSON 25 41

PORT PHILLIP AREA (VIC) cremation 27; preparations for 36; orientation of corpse for 19• elevation in trees 7 fires near graves 81 grave goods, 73, 177 preparation for cannibalism 36

PORT PHILLIP (VIC) 2, 23, 170 PORT PIRIE (SA) 24 PORT SORRELL (TAS) 218 PORT STUART (QLD) 223 POSITION, for abandonment 4; caves, disposition in, crouched 200; on left side 200; on right side 258 cannibalism 35, 39 cremation, contracted 24 extended 96-97 face downwards 35 of arms 28 of hands 19 of legs 28 on back 35, 97-97 on side 25 sitting 19, 20 upright 19, 26, 27 drying Table 25B extended 208 flexed 209, 210 head raised 210 of arms 102, 104 of feet 102 of head 102 of legs 102, 104 of thighs 104 on back 104 on left side 209 on right side 210 sitting 104, 105; cross legged 102

elevation, as compound disposal, face upwards 100; of head 113; of knees Ill; on side 119; sitting 118; upright 191 in trees, Table 3F 42

modified III on free standing platforms 13, 123, 208, 235 receptacles, hollow, disposition in of corpse extended 127; upright 127 for skinning, extended 97; on face 97 for wrapping 106, see also BUNDLING as part of compound disposal 135, 185 extended 4, 25, 47-48, 87, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 243, 247 249, 252, 253, 258, 261, Map 19, Plate 46 horizontal 258 reclining 86, 243, 261 sitting 236; as part of compound disposal 115, 118 upright 237, 249, 263 of arms 28, 47, 135, 161, 185, 235, 239, 243, 254, 255, 256, 258, 263 corpse iii, 7, 48 Tables 3F, 3G, 9D face 106, 161, 185, 193 feet 105, 161, 185, 235, 254, 258 fingers 13, 118 hands 87, 208, 235, 239, 247, 254 head 47, 161, 254, 258 knees iii, 58, 89, 208, 232, 235, 247, 249 'legs 47, 137, 161, 237, 253, 254 trunk 237 on back 237, 239, 247, 249, 254, 258; as part of compound disposal 123 left side 232, 252-243, 247, 254, 255, 256, 263 right side 51, 240, 258 side 58, 193, 237

POST HOLES 13, 67, 69, 72 POSTS, HOLLOW, upright 114, 135, see also RECEPTACLES, hollow, disposition in PRETTY, G. on burial 238 Gidgealpa excavation (SA) 244 Roonka excavations (SA) 237 Torres Straits mummies 108 PSEUDO-COMPOUND DISPOSALS iv-v, 7,9 as simple disposal 17 burial, as part of 40 caves, disposition in, as part of 14, Table 5B 43

PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS, 77-78, 81, 223, associated with simple burial 85 PULLEINE, R. 218, 219 PUTNAROOS TRIBE (VIC) 38 PUTREFACTION OF CORPSE 116, see also DRYING PYRES 20, 25-26,28, Plate 6; see also CREMATION

QUEENSLAND ABORIGINES 49 QUEENSLAND burial 87, 157; as first procedure in compound disposal 139 cannibalism 35, 36, 45; as first procedure in compound disposal 101 as part of pseudo-compound disposal 38 as simple disposal 38, 40-41 carved trees 71, 85 clearing around graves 83 cremation 18, 24, 211; procedures after 23 dimensions of grave 57 drying as first procedure in compound disposal 107 elevation, on free standing platforms 110; as first procedure in compound disposal 125 fires on/near graves 82 grave, goods 73; lining 60; shape 56 huts on/near graves 67 locality of grave 55, 162 mounds on graves 65, 169 mutilation 46 non-earth structures on/near graves 69 orientation, of corpse 53; of graves 59 relic taking 83, 221 platforms, attached to trees, disposition on 8; in trees 110 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 145 structure in graves 63 trees, disposition in 8 wrapping 50, 159

RAVENSBOURNE CREEK ABORIGINES (QLD) 133 REBURIAL 127, 136, 139, Plate 16 44

REBURNING, see REFIRING RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, see ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE RECEPTACLES, hollow, disposition in 114, 121, 127-131, 135, 195-199, 226 273-274, Maps 5, 6, 54, 55, 87, 88, Tables 14, 14A, 21, 21A, 21B Figure 14 persons given 127, 197 RECESSES IN GRAVES, see NICHES IN GRAVES RECHERCHE BAY AREA (TAS) 204 RE-ELEVATION 114, 120-121, Figure 12D, 121 REFIRING 21, 28, 230, see also CREMATION RIDGES, 67, 68, see also PATHS, TRENCHES, MOUNDS, FENCES, SEATS RELICS associated with, abandonment 3 burial 44, 83-84, 86, 90, Map 42 cannibalism 37-38, 39, Table 7K caves, disposition in, 15, Table SE compound disposal iii cremation 17, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, Table 6H drying as first procedure in compound disposal 104 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 116 platforms, free standing, disposition on 12 receptacles hollow, disposition in 127, 130, 196 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 143, 144 simple, disposal 259 as ornaments, see ORNAMENTS, see also AMULETS, CHARMS carriers of, 116, 133, 134, 138, 139, 145 contained in 219 ethnographic evidence for Map 42

REMAINS, buried 101, III cannibalised, disposition of 14, 36, 37, 96, 98-99, Figure 9, circulated 139, see also EXHUMATION OF, EXHIBITION OF cremated, disposition of 14, 22, 23, 229, 260 discreet areas of, 229-231 dried, disposition of 98, 107 elevated, disposition of 114 see also EXHUMATION and RETRIEVAL REMOVAL, of body parts, see MUTILATION, RELICS and RETENTION RETENTION 136, 216-217, 227, 241-242, Maps 58, 96, Table 27 as first procedure in compound disposal 141-146, Figure 17, Maps 58, 59 45

as first procedure in compound disposal 116, 145, Figure 18 after cannibalism 96-98, Figure 9 after elevation 119, 113-115, Figure 12 as part of compound disposal 242, 277 before cremation 17 by, 44, 104, 121, 130, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 159, 193, 207, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221 of body parts 41, 44, 83, 120, 130, 134, 143, 207, 217, 220, 221 of bones 9, 12, 15, 97, 98, 100, 106, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 143, 144, 147, 159, 192, 196, 217, 219, 221 of corpse 24, 98, 105, 106, 108, 115, 134, 139, 141, 143, 144, 217, 216 of remains 96, 111, 115, 126, 193, 219 of skin 97, 221 persons given 144 procedures for retention 144 recent archaeological evidence for 216-217

RETRIEVAL 17, 99, 127, 135, 137, 147, see also EXHUMATION RUBY CREEK (WA) 15 ROBBINS ISLAND (TAS) 204 ROBINSON, G.A. on abandonment 204; after homicide 205 cremation 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27-28, 215 disposals unobserved 154 European influence on disposals 163 grave fill 62 relics 3, 83, 90, 219; relic taking 4 trees, disposition in 10, 198 wrapping 159

ROCK CAVITIES disposition in 15, see CAVES, disposition in ROCK CLEFT disposition in 219, see CAVES, disposition in ROCKHAMPTON (QLD) 44, 83 ROCK PAINTING 202, see also DECORATION ROCKS disposition of corpse under, 121 ROCK SHELTER grave site 161, 231, 247, see also CAVES disposition in ROCK SHELTER OSSUARY grave site, see CAVES disposition in 46

ROCK SHELTER, Totemic, disposition in 136, 144 ROCKY OUTCROPS disposition in, see CAVES disposition in ROE 122, see under ROTH, W.E. ROHEIM, G. i, iii ROONKA (SA) grave site 237-238 ROPER RIVER AREA (NT) 124 ROTH, W.E. i; on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 133-134, 139 cannibalism, preparation for 35; as first procedure in compound disposal 100; procedures associated with 35-36; caves, disposition in 201 cremation 19, 23 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 117, 120, 195; sorcery after 113 grave, fill 62; goods 24 mounds on graves 64 platforms in trees, disposition on 9, 194 relic taking 37, 83 retention, as first procedure in compound disposal 44, 144; of corpse 106 simple burial, mourning procedures associated with 87 trees hollow, disposition in 198 wrapping 50 ROE in, 122 ROXBOROUGH (QLD) 194

SANDY CAPE ABORIGINES (TAS) 90 SANDY CAPE CREMATION SITE (TAS) 216 SCAPFOLDS, elevated 12, see also PLATFORMS, free standing, elevation on SCATTERING of bones 231 SCHMIDT, 12, see under LANG, J.D. SCHULZE, T. Rev. 82 SEA disposition in, see WATER disposition in, also LOCALITY OF GRAVE SCARCY, A. 163, 194 SECOND VALIEY (SA) 159 SHADES burial 80 SHARP, L. 106 47

SHEARD, H~~: et.al on caves, disposition in 200, 202 cremation partial 215 d:.;ying 209 SHERLOCK RIVER (WA) 83 SIEBERT 77, see under ELKIN, A.P. SIMPLE BURIAL 84-90, Maps 43, 45, see also BURIAL SIMPLE DISPOSAL i, iii, 5, 11, 23, 130, 147, 204, 228, 231, 232, 236-237, 238, 240, 241, 244, 247, 248, 251, 253, 255, 262, 263, 279, 281, Figure 8, Maps 2, 46, 91, 92 preparation of corpse forjiii see also ABANDONMENT, BURIAL, CANNIBALISM, CAVES, disposition in, CREMATION, ELEVATION, in trees, on platforms in trees, platforms attached to trees, platforms free-standing, LOGS, hollow, disposition in, SURFACE, disposition, TREES, hollow, disposition in, WATER, disposition in 'SICKNESS' death from 204 SKIN kangaroo, as relic container 29 SKELETAL REMAINS disposition of, 263; see also REMAINS, disposition of SKINNING see MUTILATION SKULL as drinking vessel 218, 221; as water vessel 220, Plate 44 SMOOTHING of grave surface, 64, see also CLEARING around grave SMITH, J. 60 SMYTH, R. on cannibalism 32, 37 caves disposition in, 15 cremation 20, 26, 211-212 elevation 13; in trees 7 grave lining 60 hollow branches, disposition in 10 retention 144, 145 surface disposition 5 water disposition in, 16 wrapping 223 DAVIS in, 165

SNOWY MOUNTAINS (NSW) 85 SOMERSET (SA) 178, 194 SORCERY 104, 116, 122, 138, 220 48

SOUTH AUSTRALIA burial 139, 157; site of 161, 163 cannibalism 34, 38, 39, 45, 46 caves disposition in 15 clearing around grave 82, 83 cremation 20, 24; preparation of corpse for 19 dimensions of grave 57 drying 107 earth structures on/near grave 68 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 125 platforms attached to trees 8; on free standing platforms 12; in trees 10, 195 fires near graves 82; in graves 60 grave fill 63, 168; goods 85, 167; lining 60 huts over/near graves 67 locality of graves 55, 162 mounds on graves 65, 169, 170, 172, 173 mourning caps 81 mutilation 45, 46 non-earth structures on/near grave 69 orientation, of grave 59; of corpse 52, 53 relics 220 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 145 simple burial 89 tying 49 wrapping 50, 159

SPENCER, B. on burial as first procedure in compound disposal 124 clearing 190 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 117, 124 structures over graves 109 grave, goods 166; mounds 171, 172; posts 71 position of corpse in grave 161 retention 217; as first procedure in compound disposal 141; after cannibalism 98 simple burial 86 49

SPENCER, B. and GILLEN, F.J. on burial 43 chaplets 73, 74 elevation, as first procedure in compound disposal 116, 117, of remains after cannibalism 100 grave goods 61 mounds on graves 64 re-elevation as part of compound disposal 121

SPENCER GULF DISTRICT ABORIGINES (SA) 43 SPRAGUE, R. Hi STAGE 97, see PLATFORMS, erection of, see also BIERS STANBRIDGE, 26 see NEWSPAPER CUTTINGS STICK elevation of remains on, 99 STOKES, Lort J. on elevation of remains in trees 195 grave, fill 168, mounds 170, posts 187 huts over/near graves 175 non-earth structures on/near grave 179 retention 217 STRAATEN RIVER (QLD) 120 STREAMS disposition in, see WATER disposition in, also LOCALITY OF GRAVE STRETCHER 194, see also PLATFORMS in trees, BIERS STRUCTURES, all kinds 178-182, Map 80, in grave 61, on/near graves: seats 186; paths 186, over graves 169-173, over mounds 171; see also MOUNDS on graves, HUTS OVER/NEAR GRAVES, EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES; NON-EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES, MOUNDS, covering of STUART 194 see under WORSNOP, T. STUFFING of corpse 209, see also CORPSE FILL,DRYING, MUTILATION STURT, C. Captain, 180, 181, 186, 206, Plate 28 STURT CREEK (WA) 222 SUNDAY ISLAND ABORIGINES (off WA) 121, 118 SURFACE DISPOSITION 5, 14, 37, 91, 156, 226-227, 232, 247-248, 255, 257, 265, 280, Maps 4, 92, Tables 2, 24, 24A, 24B, 24C as part of compound disposal 206, 265-266, 273, Figure 23, 24 as simple disposal 205-207 persons given 247, 254~255, 253 see also CAVES, disposition in, OPEN AIR, disposition in, PROCEDURES after cannibalistic feast 50

SYDNEY AREA ABORIGINES (NSW) ]5, 44, 50, 68, 206-207 SYDNEY AREA (NSW) burial 50, 216 caves, disposition in 202 cremation 18, procedures after 23 elevation 13 grave goods 21 non-earth structures on/near grave 68 orientation of corpse for burial 51 preparation of corpse for burial 46 preparation of grave for corpse 59, 166 surface disposition 206-207 wrapping and tying 50

TAMBO RIVER AREA (QLD) 133 TANKEROOKA (NSW) 160, 175 TAPLIN, G. Rev. on cremation 24 drying as first procedure in compound disposal 105 location of grave 164 mounds on graves 173 mour.'1ing clay 76, 77

TARTANGA ISLAND (SA) grave site 239-240 TASMANIA abandonment 4 burial 157; simple 17, 84, 90; site of 162-163 cannibalism 38 compound disposal (possible) 147 cremation 21, 24, 25, 27-29, 212, Map 12; preparation of corpse for 19; procedures after 22 dated archaeological evidence from 229-231, Plate iv, enclosed article grave fill 63, 168; goods associated with cremation 21; shape 55 logs, hollow, disposition in 8; as part of compound disposal 129 mounds on graves 65, 173 mutilation 45, 46 relics 218-219; relic taking 83 trees, disposition in 10 wrapping 50, 159 51

TAYLOR'S CREEK (VIC) grave site 235

TEETH, kangaroo as forehead fringe 24; ss ornaments Ill, see also ORNAMENTS TENCH, W. Captain on abandonment 204 burial 25; preparation of grave for 166 mounds on graves 170 surface disposition 207

TENNANT CREEK (NT) 222 THOMAS, N.W. on abandonment 4 cannibalism 33, 34 carved trees 186 compound disposal with two stage procedures 123 platforms, attached to trees, disposition in 13 THORNE, A.G. on cannibalism 41 cremation 230 Kow Swamp excavations 235 Mungo Lake excavations 260 THROSBY, c. 61 TINDALE, N.B. on caves, disposition in 202 hollow receptacles, disposition in 198; as first procedure in compound disposal 127 TINDALE, N.B. and BIRDSELL, J.B. 106 TINDALE, N. B. and MOUNTFORD, C. P. on burial as final procedure in compound disposal 159 drying 209-210 position of corpse in grave 161

TOMAHAWK CREEK (TAS) grave site 159 TOMKINSON RANGES ABORIGINES (SA) 15 TONGARA (SA) 143 TONGARANKA TRIBE (NSW) 80 TONGERLONGTER (mother) 130 TOODAY ABORIGINES (WA) 47 TORILLA MOUNTAIN AREA (QLD) 87 TORILLA (QLD) 134 52

TORRES STRAIT drying 102, 208 grave goods 178 location of grave 162 ... 'mummies' 108, 210-211, Plate 42 TOWER HILL (QLD) 18 TOWNSVILLE (QLD) 21 TRAUMA, evidence of death from, 238 TREES, disposition in, see ELEVATION, TREES, HOLLOW, disposition in TREES HOLLOW, disposition in 17, 27, 100, 105, 115, 122, 125, 127, 133, 134, 137, 138, 141, 143, 147, 198-199, 222, Plate 39 TREE ROOTS, disposition under 144 TREE FILL 137 TREE GRAVE 194, see also ELEVATION and PLATFORMS, elevation on TRENCHES 35, 59, 184; disposition of corpse in 56, 137, 138; see also EARTH STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES TREPANNING 252 TROUGH, pleat-type, bark 138, see also COFFINS, RECEPTACLES, hollow, disposition in TRINITY BAY (QLD) 210 TULLY RIVER DISTRICT (QLD) 19 TULLY RIVER, LOWER (QLD) 24 TULLY RIVER (QLD) 106 TUMULUS 26, 164, see also MOUNDS ON GRAVES TURKEY CREEK (WA) 5, 15 TYING, 233; associated with, burial 47, 48-49, 50, 88, 89, 158-159, Map 68, Table 9E; as first procedure in compound disposal 134, 135-137 cannibalism 33, 37, 39, 40; as first procedure in compound disposal 96, 99 caves, disposition in 201 compound disposal 242, 249, 252 cremation 19, 24, 28 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 118, 119, 120, 125 in trees 7, 9, 194, Table3E; modified 111, 113; on free-standing platforms 13 preparation of corpse for 30, 49 relic-making 219 retention 217, as first procedure in compound disposal 143, 241 surface disposition 255, 256, 280 of ashes 219 body parts, arms 47, 48, 49 53

bones 40, 99, 125, 137 corpse 9, 19, 24, 28, 33, 48-49, 89, 105, 106, 111, 119, 135, 159, 208, 241, 249, 252 feet 49 fingers 48, 49 fists 13 hair 136 hands 48, 49 head 104 knee-caps 39 legs 47, 48, 49, 134 prepuce 209 thighs 48 toes 39, 48, 49, 134, Map 20 of coffin 88

TYINGS, types of Figure 2 bark 39; fibrous 160; wattle 113, 119, 137 bast 159

cane 223 I.'" cord 9, 49, 50, 89, bark III hair 39, 96, 114 grass 28, 194, 219 netting 13, 39, 50, 118, 208 rags 104 rope 106 skin 104 stringbark, fibre 252 string, fur 99, 125, 134, 143, 201, 217 thonging 255, 256 twine 106, 120, 195, 197, 210, 241 see also WRAPPING and WRAPPING and TYING

UNDATED ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE, see ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE UNGHI (QLD) 105 UNTMATJERA TRIBE (NT) 117 URANDANGIE ABORIGINES (QLD) 117 URPMILCHIMILLA CEREMONY 74 54

VASSE ABORIGINES (WA) 47 VASSE (WA) 70 VERTICAL BUNDLES 250 VICTORIA. burial 89-90 cannibalism 32, as simple disposal 38-39 carved trees 70 caves, disposition in 15 clearing around graves 83 cremation 17, 26-27, preparation of corpse for 19 dimensions of grave 57 earth structures near grave 68 elevation as first procedure in compound disposal 125; on platforms 13; on platforms attached to trees 8; on platforms in trees 110 fires on/near graves 82 grave, lining 60; markers 223; mounds 65, 169, 172; posts 72 huts over/near graves 67 locality of grave 55 hollow logs, disposition in 8 mutilation 46 non-earth structures on/near grave 69, 84 niches in graves 58 orientation, of corpse 52, 53; of grave 59 relics 220 retention as first procedure in compound disposal 144, 145 structures in graves 63 tying 49

VICTORIA (NORTH) ABORIGINES 59 VICTORIA PLAINS DISTRICT (WA) 45, 61 VICTORIA RIVER ABORIGINES (NT) 116 VINE-LODGE ESTATE (NSW) 183

WADUMAN/DALY/VICTORIA RIVERS AREA (NT) 114 WAILING STICK 136 WAILPI TRIBE (SA) 67 WAITE, E.R. 77-78, 176, 223 55

WAKELBURA (QLD) US WALAMBARIA TRIBE (QLD) 136 WALBIRI TRIBE (NT) 51, 83, 86 WALKER RIVER (NT) 177, 192 WAKKA WAKKA TRIBE (QLD) 122 WALKS, see PATHS, see also NON-EARTH STRUCTURES l)N/NEAR GRAVES WALLERAWANG (NSW) 185 WARBURTON/BARCOO RIVER AREA (SA) 178 WARDAMAN TRIBE (NT) 136 WARRAMUNGA TRIBE (NT) 109, 116, 124 WARREGO/PAROO RIVER AREA (QLD) 105 WARREGO RIVER (NSW) 66, 73 WARWICK (QLD) 221 WATER CARRIERS, disposition in 192; pleat-type:192, 201 WATER disposition in 16, 91, 143, Map 9, Table ,3, see also LOCALITY OF GRAVE WEANEE, cremation of 154 WELLINGTON (NSW) 170 WELLINGTON VALLEY AREA (NSW) 182 WELLINGTON VALLEY grave site (NSW) 183 WESTERN AUSTRALIA abandonment 4 burial, as first procedure in compound disposal 139; position of corpse in grave for 48; preparation of corpse for 44 cannibalism, 38; homicidal 38; as simple disposal 39 carved trees 85 caves, disposition in 15 decoration of corpse 45 dimensions of grave 57 earth structures on/near grave 68 elevation, platforms, attached to trees 8; free standing 12; in trees 110 fires in/on/near graves 60, 82 grave fill 63; lining 60; posts 72; shape 56; huts over 67 locality of grave 55 mounds on graves 170, 172 mutilation 45, 46, 84 niches in graves 58 non-earth structure on/near grave 69 orientation, of corpse 51, 53; of face 52, 53; of grave 59 relic taking 83, 222 tying 49 56

wrapping and tying 50 wrapping 159

WESTERN PORT (VIC) 32-33 WEST HUNTER ISLAND (TAS) 19, 20, 28-29 WESTMORELAND COUNTY (NSW) 163 WEST, J. 130, 147 WHITENING, of bones 120, see also CLEANING; of corpse 97, 104, 138, see also MUTILATION WHITE, J. 216 WIDE BAY AREA (QLD) 193, 198 WIDE BAY BLACK, disposal of 193 WIDOW'S CAP 76, 78, see also CHAPLETS, MOURNING CAPS, PSEUDO-MOURNING CAPS WIIMBAIO TRIBE (VIC) 77, 81 WIKMONKAN TRIBE (QLD) 113 WILCANNIA AREA ABORIGINES (NSW) 54 WILCANNIA (NSW) 59 WILLIAMS DISTRICT (WA) 44 WINMAR, disposal of 44, 54 WIRADJURI TRIBE (NSW) 70, 71 WIRHALLI 110, see also BIERS WOGAIT TRIBE (NT) 116 WOLLAROI TRIBE (NSW) 117 WOLLOMBI RIVER (NSW) 67-68, 69 WOLLONDILLY!NATTAI RIVER AREA (NSW) 167, 179, 184 WOLLONDILLY RIVER (NSW) 161 WONGULLA (SA) grave site 215 WONGU MADU TRIBE (NT) 61 WONNARUA TRIBE (NSW) 5 WOODFORD DISTRICT (QLD) grave site 166, 169 WOODFORD (QLD) 160 WOODS, J.D. 34, 50 WORORA TRIBE (WA) 34, 123 WORORA (WA) 99 WORSNOP, T. on carved trees 183 cremation 215 grave, fill 62; goods 177; lining 59; posts 187 mounds on graves 172 niches in graves 58 STUART in, 194 57

WOTJOBALUK TRIBE (VIe) 67 WRAPPING, associated with burial 49-51, 83, 87, 89, 90, 158, 159, 160, 184, 186, 241, 242, 252, Map 68 as first procedure in compound disposal 133, 134, 136, 137, 138 cannibalism 30, 39 caves disposition in 15, 200, 201, 202, Table 5D compound disposal iii cremation 215 drying, 210; as first procedure in compound disposal 105, 106 elevation, 7, 193, 195; compound disposal 110, Ill, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125; as two stage procedure in compound disposal 121; in trees 9, 10; on platforms 99, 100; on platforms free-standing 11, 12, 13 Table 3D miscellaneous procedures 223-224 preparation of corpse for 50-51 receptacles, hollow, disposition in 127, 130 retention 217, 219, 221, 222; as first procedure in compound disposal 96, 97, 98, 143, 144

WRAPPING and TYING, associated with burial 50, 158-160, 266, Maps 21, 68 Figure 25, Table 9F trees, disposition in, table 3D WRAPPING of, ashes 219 bones iii; 96, 98, 99, 100, 113, 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 125, 130, 133, 200, 201, 202, 221, 222, 223, 224 corpse 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 39, 48, 87, 97, 105, 106, 101, Ill, 113, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 127, 130, 134, 136, 138, 143, 144, 184, 186, 241, 252 cremated remains 215 death post 223 dried remains 210 genitalia 113 hair 217 head 13, 118, 160 hands 143 omentum 83 skin 98, 114, 221 ". 58

WRAPPINGS, bag, net 215 bark iii; 9, 13, 15, 50, 87, 90, 98, 105, 106, 113, 114,115, 119, 120, 133, 134, 136, 138, 160, 195, 200, 201, 222, 252 beefwood 160; matchbox bean 120; paper 11, 96, 99, 100, 1 \, .< 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 125, 127, 201, 202, 224; papyrus :t j , 223; teatree (ti-tree) 12, 106, 115, 120, 137 \ bandages 13, 118 \ blankets 48, 49, 50, 130, 160, 184, 222 canoes 49 coffin, hollow log 159 cloak, 89, 167; kangaroo skin 50, 89; opossum skin 97, 98, 11, 160 cloth 217; rags 118 clothing 49, 50; coat 184; jacket 50 dilly bag 221 European goods 50, 159 , \ girdle 160, 186 mats, 13, 195; fibre 200 nets 9, 49, 87, 89, 98, 117, 160, 186, 200; fishing 159, 201; kangaroo 193 rugs, 13, 39, 49, 50, 105; opossum 50, 89, Ill, 127, 143, 184 skins, animal 50, 115, 118, 130, 160, 200, 219, 221 string, 222; fur 120; human hair 120, 222 tea-chest 159 vegetation, grass, 110, 113, 143, 195, 202, 215, 223; leaves 83, 118, 252; plant material 241; twigs 115 water carrier, pleat-type 201 wood, myrtaceae 252 WURLEY 78, see also STRUCTURES ON/NEAR GRAVES, HUTS OVER/NEAR GRAVES WUURM 119, see also WURLEY WYAGA (QLD) 56

YAITMATHANG TRIBE (VIC) 61 YALGOO ABORIGINES (WA) 57-59 YANDA STATION ABORIGINES (NSW) 48 59

YANDA STATION (NSW) 70 YANTOWANNTA TRIBE (SA) 170 YERRINBOOL (NSW) 211 YIRRKALA (NT) 196 YIR YORONT TRIBE (QLD) 106 YORK ABORIGINES (WA) 47 YORK (WA) 72 YORKE PENINSULA (SA) 1>4 YURIA WATERS (SA) 33